Hypersensitivity Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which cells are primarily involved in Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity (ADCC)?

  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
  • Natural killer cells and macrophages (correct)
  • Dendritic cells

    • What is a key mechanism by which Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity operates?

  • Complement activation
  • Lysis of cells coated with IgG antibodies (correct)
  • Phagocytosis of the target cell
  • Cytokine release by T cells

    • What complication occurs when an Rh (-) mother carries an Rh (+) infant?

  • Erythroblastosis Fetalis (correct)
  • Transfusion reaction
  • Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
  • Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

    • In which condition does the mother develop IgG anti-Rh antibodies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity?

    <p>Destruction of cells coated with IgG antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

    <p>Jaundiced newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibodies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition associated with antibody-mediated cell destruction?

    <p>Myasthenia Gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the antibody have in conditions like Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Inhibits Ach receptor binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Grave’s disease?

    <p>Antibody-mediated stimulation of TSH receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of localized immune complex disease described in the content?

    <p>Arthus reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the dermal inflammatory reaction associated with immune complex diseases?

    <p>Small immune complexes deposited in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Type III hypersensitivity primarily involve?

    <p>Immune complex formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Arthus reaction come to be recognized?

    <p>By injecting rabbits with horse serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen with repeated injections of a foreign antigen in the context of immune complex diseases?

    <p>Formation of localized immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of immune complexes not being removed promptly?

    <p>Tissue inflammation and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of immune complexes that leads to chronic inflammatory responses?

    <p>Small size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a result of Nicholas Maurice Arthus's injections during his experiments?

    <p>Gangrene after repeated injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions should you expect 4-10 days after someone receives a foreign serum vaccine for diphtheria?

    <p>Arthritis and skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was serum sickness first recognized?

    <p>As a sequela after administration of large amounts of foreign serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that influences whether immune complex formation leads to tissue deposition and disease?

    <p>The factors determining tissue deposition are not fully understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase characterizes the immune complex formation in serum sickness?

    <p>Immune complex formation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with serum sickness?

    <p>Rash and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the source of serum used in the early vaccinations for diphtheria that led to serum sickness?

    <p>Serum from immunized horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is serum sickness classified as?

    <p>Systemic immune complex disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom would least likely be associated with serum sickness?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timeline for the presentation of symptoms after serum administration?

    <p>4-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT typically observed in individuals suffering from serum sickness?

    <p>Chronic fatigue syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lymphocytes are primarily involved in recognizing protein antigens in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Cytotoxic lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antigen is specifically associated with myelin basic protein in the context of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Protein antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is used by cytotoxic lymphocytes for directional delivery of cytotoxic components?

    <p>Perforins and granzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Fas-Fas ligand interaction in the context of T-cell activity?

    <p>Cellular apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory condition is linked with the presence of CD4+ T-cells?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances do neutrophils release in response to immune complexes?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the site of immune complex deposition during inflammation?

    <p>Tissue damage occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is NOT typically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autoimmune conditions like SLE, antibodies are primarily formed against which of the following?

    <p>Double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do antigen-antibody complexes predominantly deposit in cases of SLE?

    <p>Kidneys, skin, and joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the clinical symptoms indicating kidney involvement in SLE?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the immune response do clinical symptoms like fever and rashes manifest?

    <p>Phase 3: Tissue injury and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is primarily associated with the deposition of immune complexes?

    <p>Acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically mentioned as an example linked with immune complex deposition?

    <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is specifically related to systemic lupus erythematosus rather than general inflammation?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of leukotrienes in the respiratory system?

    <p>They induce bronchial smooth muscle contraction leading to difficulty in breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is directly related to the action of prostaglandin D2?

    <p>Induction of bronchospasm and increased mucus secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from increased vascular permeability during inflammatory responses?

    <p>Urticaria or hives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does class switching in B cells refer to?

    <p>The ability of B cells to change the type of antibody they produce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of increased fluid leakage into the interstitium due to vasodilation?

    <p>Formation of edema and swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical action associated with leukotrienes in hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Decreased mucus production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect results from the contraction of bronchial smooth muscles?

    <p>Difficulty of breathing due to narrowed airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary symptom may arise from the interaction of prostaglandin D2 in the context of respiratory reactions?

    <p>Intense bronchospasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathological effect of immune complex deposition in tissues?

    <p>Attraction of neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of serum sickness, what is the typical timeline for symptom onset after exposure to foreign serum?

    <p>4-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is classified as a type of immune complex disease?

    <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the inflammatory lesions seen in glomerulonephritis related to immune complex deposition?

    <p>Complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site for the deposition of immune complexes?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directs the production of IgE antibodies in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Induction of Th2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the coating of cells with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as potent opsonins generated during the classical pathway of complement activation?

    <p>C3b and C4b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is NOT typically seen in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Chronic autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of mast cell mediators during Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Releasing inflammatory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inflammatory cells in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>To accumulate at antigen deposition sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the late phase of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Persistent eosinophil infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phagocytes recognize opsonized cells?

    <p>By binding to antibodies on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the release of mast cell mediators in Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Increased symptoms of anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main type of antibody becomes elevated during Type I hypersensitive reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity (ADCC) from phagocytosis?

    <p>Engagement of natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by Rh incompatibility between a mother and her fetus?

    <p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary antibody involved in the hemolytic disease seen in Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical condition resulting from antibody-mediated cell destruction?

    <p>Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to an Rh (+) fetus while in an Rh (-) mother's womb?

    <p>The mother develops antibodies against the fetal blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is least involved in the processes associated with Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity?

    <p>B Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical manifestation of Goodpasture syndrome?

    <p>Hemoptysis and hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Myasthenia Gravis affect cell function?

    <p>It impairs cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily involved in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the effect of antibodies in Grave’s disease?

    <p>Antibodies stimulate excessive cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does maternal IgG antibody crossing the placenta result in fetal complications?

    <p>Hemolytic Disease of Newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sequela of direct cell lysis by antibodies in conditions like AIHA?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of antibodies are primarily involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgM and IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by the presence of antibodies against non-collagenous proteins in the basement membrane?

    <p>Goodpasture syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is critical for the effective operation of natural killer cells in ADCC?

    <p>Recognition of the Fc region of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ systems are affected in Goodpasture syndrome as indicated by its mnemonic?

    <p>Lungs and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of autoimmune disorders, what is a common outcome of antigen-antibody interactions?

    <p>Destruction of healthy tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is primarily associated with Type III hypersensitivity?

    <p>Formation of immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves both glomerulonephritis and pulmonary issues due to antibody-mediated mechanisms?

    <p>Goodpasture syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are primarily implicated in the pathophysiology of both Grave’s disease and Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily IgE mediated?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism involving Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Complement activation and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibody is primarily involved in Type III hypersensitivity?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are primarily involved in the cytotoxic process of Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is commonly associated with the inflammatory response in Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Opsonization and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypersensitivity reactions, what does 'atopy' refer to?

    <p>A general term for allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does IgE play in allergic responses?

    <p>Mediates immediate release of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition exemplifies a Type II hypersensitivity reaction characterized by the destruction of red blood cells?

    <p>Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily involved in the inflammation associated with immune complex diseases?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily involved in Goodpasture syndrome?

    <p>Complement and Fc receptor-mediated inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by antibody-mediated stimulation of the TSH receptor?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is primarily involved in the tuberculin (PPD) reaction?

    <p>Type IV (Cell Mediated) Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical manifestation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>Nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which target antigen is involved in myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Acetylcholine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by cytokine-mediated inflammation and chronic arthritis?

    <p>Rheumatoid Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is opsonization and phagocytosis of platelets a primary mechanism?

    <p>Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) cause injury in Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Direct cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does demyelination occur due to the attack of pathogenic T cells?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is systemic lupus erythematosus classified as?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens are involved in the Arthus reaction?

    <p>Various foreign proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disease related to Type IV hypersensitivity that involves obstruction and chronic inflammation in the intestines?

    <p>Inflammatory Bowel Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily targeted in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

    <p>RBC membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cells are primarily involved in the granulomatous reaction?

    <p>CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease involves nephritis due to streptococcal antigens?

    <p>Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation is associated with the inflammatory response due to myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Demyelination and paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the specificity of pathogenic T cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

    <p>They target collagen and citrullinated self-proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do antibodies have in myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Inhibit acetylcholine binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome results from the T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells in Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Insulin deficiency and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature shared by the mechanisms of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involvement of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity (ADCC)

    • IgG antibodies coat target cells, enabling destruction by natural killer cells and macrophages.
    • Cell lysis can occur independently of phagocytosis.

    Clinical Examples of Antibody-Mediated Destruction

    • Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive infant, leading to maternal IgG anti-Rh antibodies crossing the placenta and destroying fetal red blood cells.
    • Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions: Result from incompatible blood transfusions causing antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells.
    • Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA): Antibodies target and destroy the body's own red blood cells.
    • Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (AITP): Antibodies cause destruction of platelets.

    Transfusion Reactions

    • Jaundice in newborns is a sign of erythroblastosis fetalis linked to Rh incompatibility.

    Type II Hypersensitivity

    • Involves antibody-mediated reactions:
      • Graves’ Disease: Excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland via antibodies against TSH receptors.

    Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex Diseases

    • Localized Immune Complex Disease:

      • Arthus Reaction: Localized inflammation due to immune complexes from repeated exposure to foreign antigens, first described by Nicholas Maurice Arthus in 1903.

    • Serum Sickness:

      • Prototype of systemic immune complex disease arising from foreign serum administration, first identified in 1906.
      • Symptoms manifest 4-10 days post-exposure and include arthritis, skin rashes, fever, and lymphadenopathy.

    Phases of Immune Complex Diseases

    • Phase 1: Formation of immune complexes and their deposition in blood vessels lead to inflammation.
    • Phase 2: Neutrophil activation results in the release of damaging substances at tissue sites.
    • Phase 3: Tissue injury and clinical symptoms arise, including fever, rashes, joint pain, and proteinuria.

    Examples of Systemic Immune Complex Diseases

    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA and nuclear antigens lead to complex deposition in kidneys, skin, and joints.

    Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Recognition of Antigens

    • Cytotoxic T-Cells utilize pathways for antigen recognition involving perforins and granzymes, leading to cell death in infected or dysfunctional cells.
    • Examples include multiple sclerosis and insulin-dependent diabetes, where myelin or pancreatic antigens are targeted by effector T-cells.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions Overview

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are classified into four types: Type I (IgE-mediated), Type II (antibody-mediated), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (cell-mediated).
    • Type I reactions involve allergen exposure leading to rapid immune response and can range from localized allergies to systemic anaphylaxis.

    Key Mediators in Type I Hypersensitivity

    • Leukotrienes C4 and D4:
      • Cause bronchial smooth muscle contraction and intense bronchospasm, resulting in difficulty breathing.
    • Prostaglandin D2:
      • Induces vasodilation and increased mucus secretion, contributing to respiratory distress.

    Pathophysiology of Type I Hypersensitivity

    • Process initiated by induction of Th2 cells leading to B cell class switching for IgE production.
    • Accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells results in inflammation, contributing to symptoms.

    Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity (ADCC)

    • ADCC involves destruction of antibody-coated cells by effector cells, independent of phagocytosis.
    • Primary effector cells include natural killer cells and macrophages.

    Clinical Examples of Antibody-Mediated Conditions

    • Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions: Immune response to mismatched blood transfusion.
    • Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA): Destruction of red blood cells due to antibodies.
    • Erythroblastosis Fetalis: IgG anti-Rh antibodies from an Rh(-) mother attack Rh(+) fetal blood cells, leading to anemia.
    • Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (AITP): Destruction of platelets due to antibodies.

    Goodpasture Syndrome

    • Characterized by diffuse pulmonary hemorrhages and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis due to antibodies against basement membrane proteins.
    • Presents with hemoptysis (coughing blood) and hematuria (blood in urine).

    Autoimmunity: Grave’s Disease vs. Myasthenia Gravis

    • Grave’s Disease: Antigen-antibody interaction leads to overstimulation of cell function and hyperactivity of thyroid function.
    • Myasthenia Gravis: Antibodies inhibit neurotransmitter interaction, leading to muscle weakness.

    Type II and Type III Hypersensitivity

    • Type II hypersensitivity is mediated primarily by IgG and IgM, involving direct cell destruction.
    • Type III hypersensitivity involves deposition of immune complexes in tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage.

    Clinical Implications of Immune Complex Deposition

    • Common diseases associated include serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and farmer's lung.
    • Deposited complexes activate the complement system, recruiting macrophages and neutrophils, leading to further tissue injury.

    Type IV Hypersensitivity

    • Characterized by delayed response mediated by T cells rather than antibodies, contributing to conditions like contact dermatitis and graft rejection.

    Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity, commonly known as allergy, mediated by IgE.
    • Type II: Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity, involves IgG and IgM antibodies.
    • Type III: Immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity; involves antigen-antibody complexes leading to disease effects.
    • Type IV: T-cell mediated hypersensitivity, characterized by delayed-type responses.

    Mediators and Mechanisms

    • Type I hypersensitivity results in immediate release of vasoactive amines from mast cells upon IgE production.
    • Type II hypersensitivity employs IgG and IgM to target specific cells, leading to opsonization, phagocytosis, complement activation, and inflammation.
    • Type III involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that can lead to tissue deposition and inflammation.
    • Type IV relies on T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) for cytokine-mediated inflammation and cytotoxicity.

    Examples of Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Type I manifestations: Allergies, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis.
    • Type II includes autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic transfusion reactions, and conditions like Goodpasture syndrome and Graves disease.
    • Type III examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute glomerulonephritis, Arthus reaction, serum sickness.
    • Type IV reactions include tuberculosis, responses to viral infections, transplant rejection, and autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

    Disease Mechanisms and Target Antigens in Type II Hypersensitivity

    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia targets RBC membrane proteins; leads to opsonization and phagocytosis.
    • Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura targets platelet membrane proteins; similarly results in opsonization.
    • Goodpasture syndrome involves antibodies against basement membrane proteins, leading to inflammation.
    • Myasthenia gravis targets acetylcholine receptors, inhibiting function and receptor regulation.
    • Graves disease involves TSH receptor stimulation by antibodies, causing hyperthyroidism.

    Immune-Complex Mediated Diseases (Type III)

    • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) targets DNA and nucleoproteins, manifesting as nephritis and vasculitis.
    • Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis arises from streptococcal antigens causing kidney inflammation.
    • Acute glomerulonephritis includes responses to bacterial and tumor antigens.
    • Arthus reaction results from exposure to foreign proteins, causing cutaneous vasculitis.
    • Serum sickness arises from various proteins leading to systemic manifestations like arthritis and nephritis.

    T-Cell Mediated Conditions (Type IV)

    • Tuberculin reaction: delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD).
    • Granulomatous reactions result from chronic inflammatory responses.
    • Transplant rejection is mediated by specific T cells recognizing foreign antigens.
    • Rheumatoid arthritis involves cytokine-mediated destruction of articular cartilage by pathogenic T cells targeting collagen.
    • Multiple sclerosis features demyelination within the CNS from T-cell-mediated inflammation targeting myelin proteins.
    • Type I diabetes mellitus results from CD8+ T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, leading to chronic inflammation and diabetes progression.

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    Description

    This quiz covers topics related to antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC) and clinical examples of antibody-mediated destruction. Key conditions such as erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic transfusion reactions, and autoimmune disorders are discussed. Test your understanding of these critical immunological concepts!

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