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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a benefit of moderate exercise to the immune system?
Which of the following is a benefit of moderate exercise to the immune system?
Chronic stress will positively strengthen your immune system function.
Chronic stress will positively strengthen your immune system function.
False (B)
What hormone is released during a healthy, deep sleep that helps boost the immune system?
What hormone is released during a healthy, deep sleep that helps boost the immune system?
growth hormone
Maintaining high standards of personal ___________ can help avoid infection and keep the immune system strong.
Maintaining high standards of personal ___________ can help avoid infection and keep the immune system strong.
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Match the type of stress with its effect on the immune system:
Match the type of stress with its effect on the immune system:
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Which two classes of membrane-bound antibodies do naive B lymphocytes express?
Which two classes of membrane-bound antibodies do naive B lymphocytes express?
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What is another name for MHC?
What is another name for MHC?
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Receptor cross-linking occurs when a single antigen molecule binds to a single Ig receptor on the B cell membrane.
Receptor cross-linking occurs when a single antigen molecule binds to a single Ig receptor on the B cell membrane.
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What are the two main routes of B cell activation that lead to antibody production?
What are the two main routes of B cell activation that lead to antibody production?
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The process of antigen processing and presenting involves only the transportation of MHC/peptide complex to the cell membrane.
The process of antigen processing and presenting involves only the transportation of MHC/peptide complex to the cell membrane.
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Which of the following cells are NOT considered Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?
Which of the following cells are NOT considered Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?
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Signals initiated by antigen receptor cross-linking are transduced by Ig-associated proteins ___ and ___.
Signals initiated by antigen receptor cross-linking are transduced by Ig-associated proteins ___ and ___.
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What is the first cytokine produced by T lymphocytes after activation?
What is the first cytokine produced by T lymphocytes after activation?
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What is required for a B-cell to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells when activated by a T-dependent antigen?
What is required for a B-cell to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells when activated by a T-dependent antigen?
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CD4 TH cells produce _______, which activates phagocytes.
CD4 TH cells produce _______, which activates phagocytes.
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Match the phases of humoral immunity with their description:
Match the phases of humoral immunity with their description:
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What is the main function of Interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
What is the main function of Interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
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Polysaccharides and lipids cannot bind to multiple Ig receptors because they contain only one single epitope per molecule.
Polysaccharides and lipids cannot bind to multiple Ig receptors because they contain only one single epitope per molecule.
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CD8 TC cells do not require help from CD4 TH cells to differentiate into effector CTLs
CD8 TC cells do not require help from CD4 TH cells to differentiate into effector CTLs
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What is the role of T helper cells in the activation of B cells by T-dependent antigens?
What is the role of T helper cells in the activation of B cells by T-dependent antigens?
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Which of the following is NOT an effector function of antibodies?
Which of the following is NOT an effector function of antibodies?
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Match the following cytokines with their primary function:
Match the following cytokines with their primary function:
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) involves the lysis of target cells by effector cells, directed by antibodies and their FC receptors.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) involves the lysis of target cells by effector cells, directed by antibodies and their FC receptors.
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What is the primary difference between a primary and secondary immune response?
What is the primary difference between a primary and secondary immune response?
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Antibodies can immobilize bacteria and protozoans by attaching to their _____ and flagella, making them easier for phagocytes to engulf.
Antibodies can immobilize bacteria and protozoans by attaching to their _____ and flagella, making them easier for phagocytes to engulf.
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Match the antibody function with its description:
Match the antibody function with its description:
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Which effector function of antibodies involves the formation of protein pores and cell lysis?
Which effector function of antibodies involves the formation of protein pores and cell lysis?
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A secondary immune response is typically weaker and slower compared to a primary immune response.
A secondary immune response is typically weaker and slower compared to a primary immune response.
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How does agglutination facilitate phagocytosis?
How does agglutination facilitate phagocytosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which effector CTLs kill cells harboring microbes?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which effector CTLs kill cells harboring microbes?
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The Fas/FasL pathway involves a transmembrane protein that delivers a death signal when cross-linked by its ligand.
The Fas/FasL pathway involves a transmembrane protein that delivers a death signal when cross-linked by its ligand.
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What is the main function of CD4 TH cells in cell-mediated immunity?
What is the main function of CD4 TH cells in cell-mediated immunity?
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In the perforin/granzyme pathway, _____ creates pores in the target cell membrane.
In the perforin/granzyme pathway, _____ creates pores in the target cell membrane.
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Match the following cell-mediated immune responses with their respective functions:
Match the following cell-mediated immune responses with their respective functions:
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Which of the following best describes the role of granzyme in cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following best describes the role of granzyme in cell-mediated immunity?
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Immunization involves only the exposure of an individual to antibodies.
Immunization involves only the exposure of an individual to antibodies.
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Name one function of reactive oxygen intermediates and lysosomal enzymes produced by macrophages.
Name one function of reactive oxygen intermediates and lysosomal enzymes produced by macrophages.
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What type of immunity is achieved through exposure to the actual disease?
What type of immunity is achieved through exposure to the actual disease?
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Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to live pathogenic microbes.
Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to live pathogenic microbes.
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What is the purpose of memory cells in the immune response?
What is the purpose of memory cells in the immune response?
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Active artificial immunity involves the injection of __________ to stimulate the immune response.
Active artificial immunity involves the injection of __________ to stimulate the immune response.
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Match the type of immunity with its description:
Match the type of immunity with its description:
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Which of the following best describes a toxoid?
Which of the following best describes a toxoid?
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Memory cells are produced only when a person receives artificial vaccines.
Memory cells are produced only when a person receives artificial vaccines.
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Give an example of a vaccine that utilizes recombinant DNA technology.
Give an example of a vaccine that utilizes recombinant DNA technology.
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Study Notes
Adaptive Immunity (Chapter 3, Part 2)
- Adaptive immunity is a crucial part of the immune system's response to pathogens.
- The previous class covered basic antibody structure, antibody classes, and subclasses, clonal selection and expansion, MHC complexes, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including exogenous and endogenous antigens.
- The current study of adaptive immunity will focus on Phases of Humoral/Antibody-mediated immune response, antibody activation of immune cells, types of humoral response, and the course of the adaptive immune response.
Humoral/Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
- The humoral response involves the activation and function of B lymphocytes.
- The process has four distinct stages
- Antigen recognition
- B lymphocyte activation
- Clonal expansion and differentiation
- Effector functions of antibodies
Antigen Recognition (Humoral Immunity)
- B-cell receptors (BCRs) are the initial point of contact.
- Two types of antibody class expression, Igm and Igb are expressed on the membrane of naive B lymphocytes.
- These serve as receptors for antigens.
- Antigen binding to BCRs triggers a signaling cascade within the B lymphocyte.
- Receptor cross-linking is a crucial mechanism for activating B lymphocytes, where two or more antigen molecules bind to adjacent BCRs on the membrane.
B Lymphocyte Activation (Humoral Immunity)
- B-cell activation is initiated by antigen binding, followed by T-helper cell interaction—involving processes of antigen processing and presentation— and receptor cross linking.
- T-dependent antigens: (require MHC II activation by T cells)
- T-independent antigens: (do not require T cell activation)
Clonal Expansion and Differentiation (Humoral Immunity)
- Once activated, B cells proliferate (clonal expansion).
- Some activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.
- Other activated B cells differentiate into memory B cells.
- The resulting increase in the number of antibody-producing cells enhances the immune response.
Effector Functions of Antibodies (Humoral Immunity)
- Antibodies do not directly kill antigens but bind to them and mediate various effector functions. Mechanisms of antibody/antigen interactions include agglutination, opsonization, complement activation, neutralization, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Types of Humoral Response
-
Primary Immune Response:
- Occurs upon the first encounter with an antigen.
- Characterized by a delay in antibody production and a low antibody concentration. Antibody concentration rises and then plateaus before eventually declining.
-
Secondary Immune Response:
- Occurs upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen.
- Characterized by a faster response and a higher antibody concentration. Largely involves the activation of memory B lymphocytes.
Course of the Adaptive Immune Response
- The adaptive immune response takes place through two pathways, Humoral and Cell-mediated.
- The pathway depends on whether the antigen is extracellular or intracellular.
- Recognition plays a decisive role in both responses.
Phases of Cell-Mediated Immunity
- The cell-mediated response involves cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T-cells.
- Initiation involves recognition of cell-associated microbes by T cells.
- Stages include antigen processing, peptide presentation on MHC molecules, and activation of T-lymphocytes.
- Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiation, leading to effector functions, including the ability of activated T cells to trigger apoptosis or other cell death mechanisms to eliminate threats.
Immune Memory
- Immunological memory describes the adaptive immune system's capacity to react more effectively to subsequent encounters with a particular antigen than the first.
- Memory B cells are a key part of immune memory in the humoral response. Memory T cells in the cell-mediated response.
Immunization
- Immunization involves artificially inducing an immune response to a specific disease through exposure to an antigen.
- Vaccines typically contain weakened or killed pathogens, toxins, or surface proteins.
- Booster shots are repeated vaccinations that aid in maintaining the population of memory cells and ensure long-lasting immunity.
Active Immunity
- Active natural immunity is immunity acquired after getting a disease.
- Active artificial immunity is immunity acquired through inoculation with a vaccine.
- Components of the vaccine include an antigen and an adjuvant.
- Vaccines can contain weakened or killed microbes, microbial toxins, or fragments.
- The advantages of vaccination include helping eradicate diseases, reducing the rate of infection and illness, and decreasing long-term disability.
- Potential dangers of vaccination may include side effects, including symptoms of disease, that could be serious or lethal, and in some cases, artificial immunity not being as effective as natural immunity.
Overall Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses
- Innate immunity is non-specific and immediate.
- Adaptive Immunity is specific and develops after exposure to the antigen.
How to Strengthen Your Immune System
- Eliminate sugar and allergens.
- Reduce exposure to toxins.
- Engage in regular moderate exercise.
- Manage stress effectively.
- Ensure adequate sleep.
- Maintain a balanced diet.
- Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands often.
Test Yourself! (Sample Questions)
- Explain the recognition phase of humoral immune response in detail.
- Illustrate cytotoxic T lymphocyte behavior in eliminating target cells, using the Fas/FasL pathway.
- How do levels of antibody concentration change following first and second exposure to the same antigen?
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Description
Test your knowledge on the relationship between moderate exercise and the immune system. Explore key concepts such as the role of hormones, stress effects, and B cell activation in immune responses. This quiz covers vital immunology topics relevant to both health and disease.
