Immunologische laboratoriumtechnieken

Immunologische laboratoriumtechnieken

• Indirecte immunofluorescentie: Used to detect auto-antibodies.
• Auto-immuunziekten: Immune system attacks own body tissues. Can affect single organs or the whole body.
• Systemische lupus erythematosus (SLE): Systemic autoimmune disease, affecting the entire body, with symptoms including red skin rash in a butterfly shape around the face.
• Diagnose: Helps determine the extent and severity of the disease.
• Behandeling: Course of action to manage the disease.
• Follow-up: Ongoing monitoring to assess disease progression and effectiveness of treatment.
• Prognostische waarde: The predictive value of the diagnostic results.

Microscopie

• Microscopieslides: Prepared slides for microscopic analysis, often pre-coated for specific antibody binding.
• Substraat: A substance used to coat the slide.
• Incuberen: Process of exposing the slides to solutions containing antibodies or antigens.
• Wassen: Steps to remove unbound material.
• Conjugaat: Material which includes the antibody or antigen.
• Coverslip: A protective layer placed over the sample on the slide, enabling better viewing under a microscope.
• Fluorescentiemicroscoop: A microscope specifically designed to detect fluorescent signals, which are emitted by labeled substances to identify and image sample components.

Tegenwoordig veel geautomatiseerd

• Factoren: Accurate results require consideration of factors such as correct reagent volumes, incubation times, and storage conditions.
• Bewaren: Proper storage of reagents in the dark.
• Was glaasjes goed: Necessary to remove any unbound reagents.
• Voorkom carry-over: Avoiding contamination among samples on the plates .
• Vermijd luchtbellen: To prevent image distortion.
• Bewaren glaasjes in het donker: Maintaining correct storage.

Anti Nucleaire Antibodies (ANA's)

• ANA's: Important markers in lupus diagnosis; antibodies that target proteins within the nucleus.
• IIF (Indirect immunofluorescence): A method to detect ANA's.
• Oude techniek: A method previously used, now largely replaced with more advanced techniques.

Fixatiemateriaal, Hep2-cellen

• Fixatiemateriaal: Materials to preserve samples, enabling better viewing.
• Hep2-cellen: A cell specimen line with human epithelial characteristics for use in diagnostic tests.
• Niveaus: Multiple stages in the testing process, each examining different aspects of the sample.

Chromatine verspreid over celkern

• Microscopie: The use of microscopes to visualize and analyze cell components.
• Metafase: A stage in the cell cycle where chromosomes condense into highly visible structures.
• Anafase: A stage of mitosis where sister chromatids have separated.
• Telofase: A stage of cell division where newly formed nuclei are surrounded by their own membranes.
• Cytokinese: The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm of a single cell divides into two separate cells.
• Rustende cellen: Cells that are not actively dividing, a crucial element in understanding cellular activity and processes.

ANA patroon (ook oranje vakjes identificeren in labo)

• Visueel identificatie: Observing specific patterns.

Agglutinatie, negatief, positief

• Negatief: No visible reaction is observed.
• Positief: Clear reaction is seen.

Homogeen, fijn gespikkeld

• Typen: Different patterns observed in microscope analysis for ANA testing.

Centromeer, Rits

• Patroon: Specific patterns associated with certain diseases, which are important in the identification of specific cases or diseases.

Grof gespikkeld/Nucleolair

• Homogeen, Gestippeld, Fibrilaire: Different types of pattern that appear in the image analysis when looking for ANA.
• Nucleolair: Patterns located in the nucleoli.

Cytologische patronen

• Patronen: Different types of patterns observed in microscope analysis related to cellular components in cells.

ANAC's, antilichamen tegen nucleaire antigene

• Verspreiding: Spread across the cells or tissue sample.
• Systemische auto-immuunziekten: Systemic autoimmune disorders:
• Meest bekende antistoffen: Important antibodies in diagnosis; homogeen patroon (evenly stained).
• ANCA: Tests for antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens.
• Granulocyten: Granular white blood cells.

Formaline fixatie of ethanol fixatie

• Formaline: Chemical to preserve specimens for tissue and slides.
• Ethanol: A type of alcohol, that can be used for preserving specimens for tissue and slide preparation.
• Ag migreren: Antigens migrating to different locations on slides.
• ANCA's: Specific to neutrophils and associated with vasculitis.
• cANCA en pANCA: Different types of ANCA reacting with the cytoplasm or nucleus of neutrophils.

ELISA

• Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A plate-based method for detecting specific proteins, antibodies, and hormones.
• Coating/capturing: A part of the test to bind antibodies in the test.
• Plate blocking: Blocking non-reactive sites to avoid reaction with unnecessary elements.
• Probing/detection: Measures a signal if there are antibodies present.

Directe binding Ag

• A reaction where the antigen directly binds to the antibody..
• Secondary AL (in conjunction with primary): An enhanced method of detection, increasing sensitivity.

Verschil directe en indirecte ELISA

• Directe ELISA: A reaction between the primary and secondary antibodies.
• Indirecte ELISA: A more sensitive reaction since multiple secondary antibodies interact with the primary antibody.

Competitieve ELISA

• Competitie: Based on test samples binding to the plate and then to the target antibody.

Detectiemethoden

• Chromogene substraten: Substrates changing colour in the presence of enzymes, enabling visual detection.
• Fluorescerende substraten: Substrates emitting light, detected with fluorometers.

Elektroforese

• Elektroforese: Separating charged molecules, like proteins, in an electric field.

Capillaire zone elektroforese

• Capillaire zone electroforese (CZE): A method for separating different charged molecules in very thin capillary tubes.

Oorsprong van EW:

• Synthese: Creating the substance (e.g., of proteins).
• Lever/Lymfoïde organen: Locations where proteins are synthesised.

Fracties (eiwitten)

• Totaal eiwit: A general measurement.
• Hyperproteïnemie: A higher protein level in the blood than normal.
• Hypoproteïnemie: A lower protein level than normal.

Rol van gammafractie

• Inflammatie: Increased levels are associated with inflammatory processes.

Monoklonale pieken

• Identificatie: Identifying unique peaks related to a certain antibody type.