Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of adenovirus when used as a viral vector?
What is a characteristic of adenovirus when used as a viral vector?
- Integrates into the host genome
- Allows for high transgene expression (correct)
- Can only infect non-replicating cells
- Has low immunogenicity
Which viral vector is known for its low immunogenicity and long-term gene expression?
Which viral vector is known for its low immunogenicity and long-term gene expression?
- Retrovirus
- Adenovirus
- Adeno-associated virus (correct)
- Poxvirus
What is a primary limitation of using retroviruses as viral vectors?
What is a primary limitation of using retroviruses as viral vectors?
- Limited packaging capacity
- Random integration in host DNA (correct)
- High immunogenicity and toxicity
- Inability to infect dividing cells
What makes hybrid vectors advantageous in gene delivery?
What makes hybrid vectors advantageous in gene delivery?
Which viral vector is most commonly used for pediatric applications due to its high immunogenicity?
Which viral vector is most commonly used for pediatric applications due to its high immunogenicity?
What is the primary feature of DNA vaccines?
What is the primary feature of DNA vaccines?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in a DNA vaccine plasmid?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in a DNA vaccine plasmid?
Which mode of delivery is LEAST likely to be used for DNA vaccines?
Which mode of delivery is LEAST likely to be used for DNA vaccines?
What is a potential advantage of DNA vaccines demonstrated in studies?
What is a potential advantage of DNA vaccines demonstrated in studies?
What characteristic of DNA vaccines has shown improvement in recent studies?
What characteristic of DNA vaccines has shown improvement in recent studies?
What is considered the best potential delivery site for DNA vaccines?
What is considered the best potential delivery site for DNA vaccines?
Which of the following types of vaccines does NOT include nucleic acids?
Which of the following types of vaccines does NOT include nucleic acids?
Which feature is essential for the functionality of a DNA vaccine?
Which feature is essential for the functionality of a DNA vaccine?
What is the incidence rate of Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) for the oral polio vaccine?
What is the incidence rate of Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) for the oral polio vaccine?
Which of the following reactions is most likely associated with the measles vaccine?
Which of the following reactions is most likely associated with the measles vaccine?
Which vaccine type is known to contain only isolated proteins of the pathogen?
Which vaccine type is known to contain only isolated proteins of the pathogen?
What is a significant feature of polysaccharide vaccines?
What is a significant feature of polysaccharide vaccines?
Which of the following is a complication of the whole-cell pertussis vaccine?
Which of the following is a complication of the whole-cell pertussis vaccine?
What was a significant milestone for polio eradication in India?
What was a significant milestone for polio eradication in India?
Which component is primarily responsible for the immune response in protein-based subunit vaccines?
Which component is primarily responsible for the immune response in protein-based subunit vaccines?
What was a major reason for starting special polio campaigns in India in 1995?
What was a major reason for starting special polio campaigns in India in 1995?
What is one potential consequence of mRNA-based vaccine platforms?
What is one potential consequence of mRNA-based vaccine platforms?
In which decade were mRNA vaccines first discovered?
In which decade were mRNA vaccines first discovered?
What is a key characteristic of replication-defective viral vectors?
What is a key characteristic of replication-defective viral vectors?
What is the primary purpose of using a live vector vaccine?
What is the primary purpose of using a live vector vaccine?
Which year marked the beginning of clinical testing for mRNA vaccines?
Which year marked the beginning of clinical testing for mRNA vaccines?
What modification enhances the translation of mRNA according to research?
What modification enhances the translation of mRNA according to research?
Which aspect of vector vaccines contributes to their effectiveness?
Which aspect of vector vaccines contributes to their effectiveness?
How do replication-competent viral vectors differ from replication-defective ones?
How do replication-competent viral vectors differ from replication-defective ones?
What is the primary function of the integration of sequences between LTRs in the context of lentiviral transfer plasmids?
What is the primary function of the integration of sequences between LTRs in the context of lentiviral transfer plasmids?
What is the purpose of a self-inactivating (SIN) configuration in lentiviral transfer plasmids?
What is the purpose of a self-inactivating (SIN) configuration in lentiviral transfer plasmids?
What is a major difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?
What is a major difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?
Which characteristic is typical of fourth generation vaccines?
Which characteristic is typical of fourth generation vaccines?
In the context of vaccine development, what role do immunologically relevant molecules play?
In the context of vaccine development, what role do immunologically relevant molecules play?
What is the main advantage of using a lentiviral vector in vaccine development?
What is the main advantage of using a lentiviral vector in vaccine development?
What is the primary function of an envelope plasmid in lentiviral vector systems?
What is the primary function of an envelope plasmid in lentiviral vector systems?
Which component of the immune response is specifically targeted by monoclonal antibodies?
Which component of the immune response is specifically targeted by monoclonal antibodies?
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Study Notes
Oral Polio Vaccine
- Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) occurs at a rate of 1 in 2.7 million vaccinations.
- Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) includes circulating types known as cVDPV, with 750 confirmed cases reported to date.
Measles
- Febrile seizures occur mainly in children under five years and are usually not fatal, affecting approximately 0.3% of vaccinated children.
- Thrombocytopenic purpura has a reported incidence of 0.03%.
- Anaphylaxis may result, predominantly due to vaccine components like sorbitol.
Inactivated Whole-Cell Vaccines
- Examples include Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV) and whole-cell pertussis vaccines.
- The pertussis vaccine can cause hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes (HHE) in approximately 1 in 4,762 doses.
National Polio Eradication in India
- Over 60% of global polio cases were in India, which declared polio-free status on March 27, 2014.
- The Sabin vaccine was developed in India in 1970.
- India engaged in polio vaccination campaigns starting in 1995, following resolutions from the World Health Assembly since 1988.
Subunit and Polysaccharide Vaccines
- Subunit vaccines contain only the antigenic components necessary to provoke an immune response.
- They provide protein-based antigens and may require boosters due to uncertain long-term immunity.
- Polysaccharide vaccines are less effective in infants and children under 18-24 months, offering only short-term immunity and slow antibody response.
Third Generation Vaccines
- Approaches include introducing specific antigens or live attenuated infectious agents that do not cause disease.
Nucleic Acid Vaccines
- Types include DNA and RNA vaccines, alongside vector-based and non-vector-based approaches.
- DNA vaccines introduce plasmids encoding antigens into tissues and utilize various delivery methods (e.g., injections, gene guns).
Current Status of DNA Vaccines
- Preclinical studies show promising protective immunity, with ongoing improvements in design and delivery to enhance immune response.
History of mRNA Vaccines
- Discovered in the 1960s, with initial successful delivery into cells in the 1970s.
- First mouse testing occurred in 1990, leading to clinical tests starting in 2013.
Vector Vaccines
- Live vector vaccines utilize weakened viruses to transport pathogen pieces to stimulate immune responses.
- Replication-defective vectors are often preferred due to their safety profile.
Types of Viral Vectors
- Adenovirus: High immunogenicity and transduction rate; can infect non-replicating cells; no integration.
- Adeno-associated virus: Long-term gene expression; can infect non-dividing cells; low immunogenicity.
- Poxvirus: Capable of both replication-competent and replication-deficient strains.
- Retrovirus: Can integrate genetic material into the host genome but risks tumorigenesis.
Antibodies as Vaccines
- Monoclonal antibodies have specific advantages, while polyclonal antibodies provide broader responses.
Fourth Generation Vaccines
- Concepts include soluble binary molecules or quaternary forms for immune enhancement.
Case Studies
- SARS-CoV-2: Ongoing global vaccine development, focusing on immunological relevance.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Antigen 85 is a candidate for vaccine development against tuberculosis.
Extra Resources for Further Study
- Various platforms available for more detailed information on vaccine science and development.
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