Immunization and Vaccines Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of conjugating a non-immunogenic material to a protein in vaccines?

  • To enhance the immunogenicity of the material (correct)
  • To create a viral-like particle
  • To reduce the need for multiple doses
  • To stabilize the vaccine for transport

    • How do toxoid vaccines protect against disease?

  • By stimulating an immune response to the bacterial population
  • By neutralizing the action of inactivated toxins (correct)
  • By incorporating viral proteins into the immune system
  • By using live attenuated pathogens

    • Which of the following statements concerning RNA vaccines is accurate?

  • They do not require a lipid envelope for stability.
  • They have a stable structure making them easy to transport.
  • They rely on mRNA to produce viral proteins and elicit an immune response. (correct)
  • They can be stored at room temperature.

    • Why do children under 2 years of age have a diminished response to polysaccharide vaccines?

    <p>The maternal antibodies interfere with their immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor must be considered when immunizing individuals with chronic conditions?

    <p>Certain vaccines may be ineffective or require modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of immunization?

    <p>To prevent or lessen the severity of diseases resulting from infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines 'herd immunity'?

    <p>The protection of susceptible individuals when a significant portion of the population is immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population group is particularly protected by herd immunity?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals who cannot be vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does passive immunization typically provide protection?

    <p>2-3 months, after which immunity wanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily the role of B memory cells in immunity?

    <p>To ensure rapid antibody production upon re-exposure to an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of antibodies produced during passive immunization?

    <p>They are derived from another host and do not foster long-term protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of opsonization in the immune response?

    <p>It enhances the ability of phagocytes to clear pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering therapeutic antibodies?

    <p>To provide immediate passive protection after potential exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about live attenuated vaccines is correct?

    <p>They can revert to the virulent form in immunosuppressed individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They often provide long-lasting immunity without the need for boosters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines was replaced due to the risk of reverting to a virulent form?

    <p>Sabin polio vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using live attenuated vaccines during pregnancy?

    <p>They can pose risks due to possible virulence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can herd immunity be affected by vaccination practices?

    <p>Higher vaccination rates lead to reduced disease transmission in the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method does NOT mimic the natural route of infection for vaccine administration?

    <p>Intramuscular injection of an inactivated vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT associated with virus vector vaccines?

    <p>They are typically inactivated whole-cell vaccines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when keeping live attenuated vaccines viable before use?

    <p>Improper handling can destroy their immunogenic properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine would be best for someone who is immunocompromised?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the role of toxoid vaccines is correct?

    <p>Immunization with toxoids protects individuals from the effects of the toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does maternal antibody presence affect a child's immune response?

    <p>Maternal antibodies can interfere with the effectiveness of certain vaccines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may contribute to the variability in childhood immunization programs across provinces?

    <p>Differences in resources, policies, and health priorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccination strategy poses a concern for individuals with immunocompromising conditions?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines, which can lead to disease in immunocompromised individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of increased immunization rates on herd immunity in a community?

    <p>Herd immunity becomes more effective as a larger portion of the population is immunized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key goal of individual immunization efforts?

    <p>To enable rapid response against future infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for herd immunity to effectively protect susceptible individuals?

    <p>A sufficient number of people in the community need to be immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of passive immunization compared to active immunization?

    <p>Delivers a rapid, but temporary, protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do immunocompromised individuals benefit from herd immunity?

    <p>They rely on the immunity created by vaccinated individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor decreases the effectiveness of vaccinations in the general population, impacting herd immunity?

    <p>Increased rates of vaccine refusal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do B memory cells play in the immune system following vaccination?

    <p>They initiate a rapid production of new antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence might occur if herd immunity levels drop below a certain threshold?

    <p>Infectious diseases may re-emerge in vulnerable populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunization primarily depends on an individual's immune system to generate a response?

    <p>Active immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They can revert to a virulent form in the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of live attenuated vaccines makes them harder to transport and store?

    <p>They require refrigeration to maintain viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of herd immunity, which factor significantly influences its effectiveness?

    <p>The percentage of vaccinated individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals is typically most vulnerable to the adverse effects of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes why live attenuated vaccines can lead to longer-lasting immunity?

    <p>They mimic a natural infection, stimulating a robust immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis?

    <p>It has proven successful in preventing the disease in immunized individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Sabin polio vaccine replaced with the Salk vaccine in many areas?

    <p>It posed a risk of reverting to a virulent form as wild polio was eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine relies on inactivated pathogens to stimulate an immune response?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunization and Vaccines

    • Immunization is the use of a specific immune response to prevent or lessen the severity of disease resulting from infection or the products of infection (toxins)
    • It leverages the adaptive immunity's ability to form specific, long-lasting responses
    • Objectives include:
      • Individual protection from infection for general populations or specific risk groups
      • Herd immunity to prevent infection spread when a sufficient number of people are immune
      • Elimination of infecting organisms
    • Antibodies:
      • Bind to antigens, blocking their biological activity (neutralizing antibodies). Examples include viruses and toxins
      • Coat bacteria, aiding phagocytosis (opsonization) by immune cells to improve organism clearance
      • Bind and activate complement to cause lysis and recruit immune cells
    • Immunological Memory (B cells):
      • Antibodies are produced by activated B lymphocytes (plasma cells)
      • Each antibody is specific to its target
      • When stimulated by infection or vaccine, the corresponding B cell clone multiplies
      • Some cells become memory B cells—long lived, rapid response in subsequent exposures
    • Immunological Memory (T cells):
      • Specific T lymphocytes become memory T cells
      • Remain to regulate the immune response
    • Passive Immunization:
      • Host receives antibodies from another host
      • Short-lived protection (2-3 months)
      • No long-term protection generated
      • Examples include IVIG, Hepatitis B Ig, Varicella-Zoster Ig, Rabies Ig, RSV
      • Naturally occurring passive immunization: neonates receive antibodies from mothers transplacentally or in colostrum
    • Active Immunization (Vaccination):
      • Generates immunity by administering an antigen to elicit an immune response
    • Types of Active Immunization:
      • Live attenuated (replicating/non-replicating):
        • Uses organisms with limited ability to cause disease, but sharing antigenicity with virulent forms
        • Organisms repeatedly cultured in the lab until virulence is lost
        • Administration via injection or natural routes
        • Mimics natural infection and results in stronger, long-term immunity, potentially reducing/eliminating booster doses needed
        • Disadvantages include potential virulence in immunosuppressed individuals/pregnant women or reverting to virulent forms during infection, requiring proper handling and storage (refrigeration)
        • Examples include BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, measles/mumps/rubella/varicella (MMRV) vaccine, Sabin polio vaccine
      • Replicating Virus Vectors:
        • Engineered viruses that do not cause human disease, but express a target virus protein
        • Generates an immune response without infection by the target virus
        • Mimics real infection and creates a strong immune response
        • Examples include Ebola vaccine
      • Non-Replicating Viral Vectors:
        • Carrier virus (e.g., Adenovirus) is genetically modified to not replicate or cause disease
        • Gene from target virus added to carrier virus, expressing the target virus protein
        • Stronger immune response compared to subunit vaccines
        • Easier to transport/store than replicating virus vaccines
    • Active Immunization (continued)
      • Inactivated:
        • Uses whole cells, subunits, or virus-like particles
        • Usually administered via injection (no IgA response - mucosal immunity)
        • Often given with adjuvants like alum to increase immunogenicity
        • Multiple doses at specified intervals are required
        • Immunity wanes over time; often requiring reimmunizations
        • Examples include influenza and hepatitis A vaccines
      • Subunit:
        • Uses purified pathogen antigens
        • Lower chance of side effects than whole-cell vaccines, but expensive
        • Examples include Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and pertussis vaccines
      • Virus-like particles (VLPs):
        • Prepared from viral proteins that self-assemble to form particles (no nucleic acid)
        • Resemble viruses but cannot cause disease
        • Examples include HPV and Hepatitis B vaccines
      • mRNA vaccines:
        • Contain mRNA that instructs cells to produce a viral protein from the target virus
        • Protein triggers immune response
        • RNA is unstable, needing lipid envelopes and very low temperatures for storage
      • DNA vaccines:
        • Similar to mRNA vaccines, but more stable
        • Plasmids containing target virus genes injected, triggering protein production and immune response.
        • Must enter cell nucleus for function—relatively easy storage
        • Potential for incorporating into genome with associated oncogenicity concerns
      • Toxoids:
        • Inactivated toxins
        • Immunization prevents toxin action
        • Multiple doses often needed with adjuvants
        • Examples include tetanus and diphtheria toxoids
    • Childhood Immunizations:
      • Federal recommendations are based on NACI, involving MOHs and experts
      • Government departments implement these recommendations in provinces (influenced by resources/policies/incidence)
      • Vaccinations administered at hospitals, clinics, doctors offices, etc
      • Programs have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in children
    • Effects of Age on Immunizations:
      • Maternal antibodies might affect responses in babies
      • Immature immune systems decrease responses (polysaccharide vaccines not effective in children under 2 years old)
      • Some vaccines have short-lived effects in the young
    • Failure of Vaccine programs:
      • Many programs fail to reach the target number of 95% coverage
      • Missed opportunities to vaccinate
      • Inappropriate vaccine storage and handling which will lead to ineffective immunizations
      • Vaccine hesitancy
    • Outbreaks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases:
      • Vaccine may not be in routine use (incidence too low, vaccine expensive)
      • Can occur in unvaccinated/under-vaccinated individuals (religious/cultural reasons, missed immunizations, ineffective vaccines/no response)
    • Other details:
      • Current Vaccine Targets (Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis, Polio, Haemophilus Type B, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Influenza, Hepatitis B, Pneumococcal, Varicella, HPV, COVID-19)
      • Various vaccines are currently available in various forms. Some are currently recommended in a given schedule, others are obsolete

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    Related Documents

    Immunization and Vaccines 1&2 Lectures 29 and 30 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of immunization and vaccines, focusing on the immune response, antibody function, and the importance of herd immunity. It explores how immunization protects individuals and populations from infectious diseases. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of antibodies and the role of B cells in immunological memory.

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