Immunization and Vaccines Overview

<p>The maternal antibodies interfere with their immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain vaccines may be ineffective or require modification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent or lessen the severity of diseases resulting from infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protection of susceptible individuals when a significant portion of the population is immune (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunocompromised individuals who cannot be vaccinated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-3 months, after which immunity wanes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure rapid antibody production upon re-exposure to an antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are derived from another host and do not foster long-term protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the ability of phagocytes to clear pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide immediate passive protection after potential exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can revert to the virulent form in immunosuppressed individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often provide long-lasting immunity without the need for boosters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sabin polio vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can pose risks due to possible virulence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher vaccination rates lead to reduced disease transmission in the community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular injection of an inactivated vaccine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically inactivated whole-cell vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper handling can destroy their immunogenic properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivated vaccines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunization with toxoids protects individuals from the effects of the toxins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal antibodies can interfere with the effectiveness of certain vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in resources, policies, and health priorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Live attenuated vaccines, which can lead to disease in immunocompromised individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herd immunity becomes more effective as a larger portion of the population is immunized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable rapid response against future infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sufficient number of people in the community need to be immune (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delivers a rapid, but temporary, protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They rely on the immunity created by vaccinated individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased rates of vaccine refusal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They initiate a rapid production of new antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infectious diseases may re-emerge in vulnerable populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active immunization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can revert to a virulent form in the host (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require refrigeration to maintain viability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of vaccinated individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunocompromised individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They mimic a natural infection, stimulating a robust immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has proven successful in preventing the disease in immunized individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It posed a risk of reverting to a virulent form as wild polio was eliminated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivated vaccines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using a specific immune response to prevent or lessen disease from infection or its products.

When enough people are immune to an infection, it stops spreading and protects those who can't be immunized.

An antibody that blocks the harmful effects of an antigen, such as a virus or toxin.

Making a pathogen more easily engulfed by immune cells (like phagocytes).

Long-lived immune cells that quickly create antibodies when exposed to a pathogen again.

Receiving antibodies produced by another organism (not your own).

T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that remain after an infection to regulate immune response and fight pathogens.

Consist of viral proteins that self-assemble into particles. They lack viral nucleic acid, making them harmless.

Made of mRNA that instructs cells to produce a viral protein, triggering an immune response.

Inactivated toxins used in vaccines, stimulating an immune response against toxins, not the whole organism.

Guidelines established by the National Advisory Committee on Immunizations (NACI), implemented by provincial health departments.

Age (maternal antibody, immature immune systems), chronic conditions (diabetes, cancer), and medications (long-term aspirin) can affect how well a vaccine works.

Using antibodies to provide rapid protection against disease or lessen its severity.

A vaccine that uses a weakened form of a germ to trigger immunity, closely mimicking a natural infection.

A disease-causing microorganism that has lost its ability to cause serious illness through repeated lab cultivation.

A combination vaccine protecting against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.

A vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis.

Different ways to make vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, viral vector, and DNA/RNA.

Vaccines using a harmless virus to deliver genetic material of the target virus.

A vaccine that uses a neutralized toxin from a bacteria to trigger immunity.

An oral, live attenuated polio vaccine (now mostly replaced).

Opsonization is the process where antibodies coat bacteria making them easier for immune cells (like phagocytes) to engulf and destroy.

B memory cells are long-lived immune cells produced after an infection. When exposed to the same pathogen again, they quickly create antibodies to fight it off.

A neutralizing antibody is an antibody that binds to a pathogen and prevents it from causing harm. It might block a virus from attaching to cells or neutralize a toxin.

T memory cells are long-lived immune cells that remember past infections. They help regulate the immune response and quickly fight off the same pathogen if it returns.

Immunization aims to use the immune system to prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by infection or the products of infection.

Herd immunity occurs when enough people in a population are immune to a disease making it difficult to spread, protecting those who can't be immunized.

A vaccine where a weak antigen is linked to a stronger protein to boost its immune response.

The key drawbacks are potential for virulence in vulnerable people, reversion to a dangerous form, and requiring careful handling and storage.

They need refrigeration to stay viable and effective. Improper storage can lead to their becoming useless or even dangerous.

They use a weakened form of the germ that enters your body like the real thing, triggering an immune response.

While cheap and effective, it could, rarely, revert to its virulent form. As wild polio disappeared, the vaccine became riskier than the disease.

It's a disease-causing microbe that has been repeatedly cultured in the lab to lose its ability to cause serious illness.