Immunity Overview: Innate and Adaptive
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Immunity Overview: Innate and Adaptive

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic feature of innate immunity?

  • Immediate action against pathogens (correct)
  • Production of specific antibodies
  • Memory response upon re-exposure
  • Development over time
  • Which of the following conditions is an example of a primary immunodeficiency?

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Immunosuppressive therapy
  • Splenectomy
  • Chronic Granulomatous Disease (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a common pathogen and its associated infection?

  • Trichomonas vaginalis - vaginitis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans - skin infection (correct)
  • Trichomonas vaginalis - protozoan infection
  • Plasmodium - malaria
  • Which of the following components is part of the adaptive immunity?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a secondary immunodeficiency?

    <p>Reduction of immune response following chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of inflammation?

    <p>Calor (heat)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NK cells in innate immunity?

    <p>To directly kill infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Basic Reproduction Number measure in infectious disease control?

    <p>Potential for disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used to identify bacterial cell wall structure?

    <p>Gram stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • The body's immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens.
    • Includes physical barriers like skin and mucosal membranes, phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), natural killer (NK) cells, and the complement system.
    • Inflammation, a hallmark of innate immunity, is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Immune response that develops over time and has memory.
    • Composed of B-cells, which produce antibodies, and T-cells, which include helper and cytotoxic subtypes.
    • Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, the adaptive immune response is faster and stronger due to memory.

    Primary Immunodeficiencies

    • Genetic disorders affecting immune function.
    • Examples include:
      • Chronic granulomatous disease: Defective phagocyte function.
      • Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): Lack of T and B cells.
      • Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia: Absence of B cells.

    Secondary Immunodeficiencies

    • Acquired conditions that impair immune function.
    • Causes include:
      • Chemotherapy: Reduces lymphocyte counts.
      • Corticosteroids: Suppress immune response.
      • HIV/AIDS: Loss of CD4+ T-cells.
      • Splenectomy: Increased risk of infections with encapsulated organisms.

    Infectious Diseases

    • Common pathogens:
      • Cryptococcus neoformans: A fungal infection that can cause meningitis.
      • Trichomonas vaginalis: A protozoan infection that causes vaginitis.
      • Plasmodium: The parasite responsible for malaria, transmitted through mosquito bites.

    Laboratory Techniques

    • Specimen Collection: Proper techniques for urine, sputum, blood, and stool are crucial for accurate diagnosis.
    • Differential Medium: Used to differentiate microorganisms based on their growth patterns.
    • Gram Stain: A staining technique used to identify bacterial cell wall structure.

    Vaccination

    • Types of vaccines: Inactivated, live attenuated, conjugate vaccines.
    • MMR Vaccine: Protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, and is made from live attenuated viruses.
    • Importance: Prevents infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

    Infection Prevention and Control

    • IPAC Programs: Guidelines to minimize the spread of infectious diseases.
    • Basic Reproduction Number: Measures a disease's transmission rate and helps evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of innate and adaptive immunity in this quiz. Understand the key components of the immune system, including various cells and their functions, as well as details about primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Test your knowledge on how the immune system defends against pathogens and the factors influencing immune response.

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