Immunity: Innate vs Adaptive Responses

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Neutrophils in wound healing?

They produce antibodies that specifically target pathogens.

They recruit and activate other immune cells to the site of injury. (correct)

They act as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immune responses.

They release histamine to cause inflammation and swelling.

Which of the following cells is NOT a type of innate immune cell?

Macrophages

T lymphocytes (correct)

Neutrophils

Mast Cells

What is the primary function of a phagolysosome?

To produce histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

To kill ingested pathogens. (correct)

To transport pathogens to lymph nodes.

To present antigens to T lymphocytes.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which the phagolysosome kills microbes?

Production of antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for the release of histamine, causing vasodilation and inflammation?

Mast Cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?

They play a significant role in parasitic infections and allergic reactions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about neutrophils is TRUE?

They are the most abundant type of white blood cell in circulation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?

They present antigens to T lymphocytes to activate adaptive immune responses. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cell is known for its highly phagocytic activity and has a long lifespan?

Macrophages (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of NETosis?

Release of DNA and antimicrobial proteins to trap pathogens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)?

To recognize conserved patterns on microbes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT a type of granulocyte?

Macrophages (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily associated with allergic reactions?

Basophils (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of mast cells?

They have many granules containing histamine and other inflammatory mediators. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cells is a type of myeloid cell?

Dendritic Cell (B), Macrophages (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between innate and adaptive immunity?

They are different descriptions of immune system responses, with innate typically preceding adaptive. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between innate and adaptive immune responses regarding the speed and magnitude of their reaction to a repeated antigen?

Innate responses occur at the same speed and magnitude regardless of the exposure, while adaptive responses become faster and larger with repeated exposure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary biology, which of the following statements is true about the evolution of innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity evolved before adaptive immunity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the presence of innate and adaptive immunity in species?

Some species have only innate immunity, but not adaptive immunity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the speed and learning ability of the adaptive immune response?

Slow, and learns. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true concerning the innate immune system?

It is fast and does not learn from exposure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of blood by volume?

Plasma. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as one of the founders of immunology?

Paul Ehrlich (C) Signup and view all the answers

The information mentions two distinct types of immune responses. Which of the following statements best summarizes their interaction?

Innate and adaptive immunity work together as part of a unified immune system, with innate response usually preceding adaptive. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a person is exposed to antigen X for the first time, and then exposed to it again two weeks later, how will their innate and adaptive immune responses differ?

The innate response will occur at the same speed and level of intensity, while the adaptive response will be faster and stronger. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for creating new genes through VDJ recombination?

Lymphopoiesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are primarily found in the buffy coat of blood?

Leukocytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types originates from myeloid lineage?

Macrophages (A) Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the father of humoral and adaptive immunity?

Paul Ehrlich (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding T Cells?

They originate from lymphoid stem cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which components of blood contain hemoglobin?

Erythrocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are especially known for their role in innate immunity?

Neutrophils (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are involved in the production of antibodies?

B Cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for carrying nutrients and waste products?

Plasma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells have a round large nucleus with clear cytoplasm and are similar in size?

Monocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells?

Producing antibodies (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of leukocyte?

Thrombocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role did Elie Metchnikof play in immunology?

Study of antibodies and immunity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell is characterized by a granular cytoplasm?

Basophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity is a non-specific, pre-existing response by the immune system. Adaptive immunity is a specific response learned over time
Innate immunity evolved before adaptive immunity; higher species may only have innate immunity
Innate responses occur quickly but are always the same magnitude. Adaptive responses are slower but learn and become stronger over time
Innate responses are present in all individuals and all times, while adaptive responses require exposure to antigens
Innate immunity is germ-line encoded, whereas adaptive immunity involves the recombination of genes
Innate immunity is inherited, while adaptive immunity is not
Innate immunity recognizes evolutionarily conserved molecular patterns, while adaptive immunity recognizes dynamically changing molecular patterns

Differences Between Innate and Adaptive Responses

Innate responses occur quickly with a fixed magnitude, while adaptive responses take time and result in a larger effect
Innate immunity does not adapt over time, whereas adaptive immunity does. It learns and gets better over time.
Innate is always on, while adaptive is induced by exposure to specific antigens

Cells of the Immune System

Blood is made up of 55% plasma (hormones, clotting factors, proteins, enzymes, and antibodies)
The remaining 45% of blood is composed of cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) including:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen
Leukocytes (white blood cells) are categorized into myeloid cells (originating from hematopoietic stem cells) and lymphoid cells (originating from hematopoietic stem cells). They include:
- Neutrophils: most abundant type, critical for initial responses, short-lived, major component of pus
- Monocytes/Macrophages: phagocytic cells, long-lived, can reside in tissues
- Dendritic cells: antigen-presenting cells, found in tissues, constantly monitoring the environment
- Eosinophils and basophils: involved in responses to parasites and allergies, respectively
- Lymphocytes:
  - B cells: humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)
  - T cells: cellular immunity (cell-mediated)
  - Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs): innate immunity, include natural killer (NK) cells
- Mast cells: located in epithelial tissues, release histamine for allergic reactions

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign particles or pathogens.
Phagocytosis involves:
- The bacterium binding to the phagocyte membrane
- Pseudopodia engulfing the bacterium, forming a phagosome
- Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome
- Degradation of the bacterium by enzymes in the phagolysosome

Phagolysosome Antimicrobial Properties

Low pH (acidic): breaks down proteins and disrupts microbial function
Reactive oxygen species (ROS): toxic to bacteria
Myeloperoxidase (MPO): converts H2O2 to bleach (HOCl)
Lactoferrin: captures iron necessary for bacterial growth
Defensins: form pores in bacterial membranes
Lysozyme: degrades peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Neutrophils in Wound Healing

Neutrophils exit blood vessels rapidly to the site of injury
Use NETosis to trap pathogens
Phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens
Removal of pathogens and damaged cells

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Learn how these two essential components of the immune system function and evolve over time. Test your understanding of their characteristics, responses, and mechanisms.