Immune System Quiz
44 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of these are NOT considered openings in the body, allowing pathogens to enter?

  • Eyelashes
  • Tears
  • Acid secretions
  • Skin (correct)

    • The immune system's 'memory' is crucial in preventing future infections by recognizing and targeting specific pathogens.

    True (A)

    What is the primary function of NK cells in the immune system?

    NK cells, or Natural Killer cells, destroy cells infected by viruses.

    The main response to pathogens entering the body is ______, which concentrates immune cells at the site of infection.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of white blood cell with its primary function:

    <p>Macrophages = Engulf and destroy pathogens, and sometimes recycle substances left over Granulocytes = Release toxic substances that kill parasites and bacteria NK cells = Kill cells infected by viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are NOT considered part of the first line of defense in the immune system?

    <p>White blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer, as opposed to pathogens, is primarily an evolutionary consequence of mutations accumulating after the reproductive period.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how Thucydides' observation about people who had recovered from a disease contributed to our understanding of the immune system.

    <p>Thucydides' observation that people who had recovered from a disease didn't get sick from it again was among the first hints of the concept of immunity. It demonstrated that the body could develop a resistance to specific diseases, a concept that is now understood through the workings of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive vaccination involves the body producing its own immune response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a target of the immune system?

    <p>Environmental pollutants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is typically required to combat intracellular infections?

    <p>Cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism that must live and reproduce within a host organism to survive is called an ______.

    <p>obligatory parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cells of the immune system with their functions:

    <p>Macrophages = Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens T cells = Responsible for cell-mediated immunity B cells = Produce antibodies Natural killer cells = Destroy infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is the first to reach an infected area and is highly flexible?

    <p>Neutrophil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis is a specialized process used for defense and cleaning, while endocytosis is a general process.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>Macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens, and they present antigens to T lymphocytes, contributing to adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes differentiate into ____ in response to infection or inflammation.

    <p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is involved in the communication between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Dendritic cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes perform exocytosis because their toxins are harmless to the cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophils in allergic responses?

    <p>Eosinophils can contribute to allergic reactions by releasing cytotoxic enzymes, which can damage tissues and contribute to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are responsible for secreting antibodies?

    <p>B cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third line of defense involves a general, non-specific response to any pathogens.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cells act as messengers, capturing pathogen fragments and presenting them to other immune cells, specifically helper T cells, to alert and coordinate the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first line of defense includes the ______ and mucous membranes.

    <p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their primary function:

    <p>Macrophages = Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris B cells = Secretion of antibodies Cytotoxic T cells = Destruction of infected cells Helper T cells = Coordination of the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a key component of the third line of defense, the adaptive immune response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the adaptive immune response in fighting pathogens?

    <p>The adaptive immune response is characterized by the activation of lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells, which recognize and target specific antigens. This targeted response allows the immune system to mount a more effective and specific attack against pathogens, and develops memory that allows the system to recognize and fight off those pathogens more efficiently in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell is responsible for releasing antibodies that act as receptors, targeting specific antigens?

    <p>B cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity is characterized by its rapid but less targeted response compared to adaptive immunity.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Natural killer cells are responsible for destroying infected or cancerous cells without the need for specific antigen recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ response is characterized by a rapid and strong antibody production due to the immune system's memory of previous exposure to the same antigen.

    <p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cell type with its primary function:

    <p>T cells = Directly kill infected cells or release signals to activate other immune cells. B cells = Produce antibodies that target specific antigens. Natural killer cells = Destroy infected or cancerous cells without specific antigen recognition. Macrophages = Phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immunity can be activated independently of the innate immune system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the difference between primary and secondary immune responses.

    <p>The primary immune response occurs upon initial exposure to an antigen, characterized by a slower and weaker antibody production. The secondary immune response happens upon re-exposure to the same antigen, resulting in a faster and stronger antibody response due to the presence of immune memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

    <p>Rapid response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cells are primarily responsible for killing infected cells in the early stages of a viral infection?

    <p>Natural Killer (NK) cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity relies on specific antigen recognition to target and destroy pathogens.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>Cytokines act as signaling molecules, coordinating and amplifying the immune response by communicating between different immune cells and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ immune response is much more rapid and effective upon re-exposure to the same antigen due to the presence of immunological memory.

    <p>adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their primary functions:

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells = Destroy infected cells in a targeted manner NK cells = Kill infected cells in response to cellular stress signals Macrophages = Phagocytose and present antigens to other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Rapid response to initial exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are actively involved in the early stages of the innate immune response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the immune system in maintaining self-tolerance.

    <p>The immune system must distinguish between self and non-self antigens. Self-tolerance ensures that the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues and cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Thucydides recognised people who got sick from a disease once weren't reinfected.
    • The immune system protects against microscopic pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses).
    • Distinct evolutionary impacts of cancer and pathogens.
    • Cancer, often after the reproductive period, has little evolutionary impact.
    • Pathogens influence natural selection by favouring resistant individuals.
    • The immune system assists in tissue repair and regeneration.

    Defence Lines Immune System

    • First line: Skin, tears, eyelashes, acid secretions prevent pathogen entry.
    • Most pathogens don't enter but some use bodily openings as entry points.
    • Second line: White blood cells target pathogens entering the body.
    • Inflammation focuses on the infection site. Diverse white blood cells (leukocytes) have specific roles: Natural Killer (NK) cells kill infected cells; phagocytic cells engulf and destroy pathogens; granulocytes release toxins to kill large pathogens.

    Immune Defence Processes

    • First line intact: Skin/mucous membranes prevent pathogen entry. Macrophages and dendritic cells monitor tissues.
    • Barrier breakdown: Injury or infection lets pathogens in. Macrophages activate inflammation.
    • Arrival of white blood cells: Blood vessels widen to allow cell passage. Macrophages and dendritic cells engulf pathogens.
    • Third line activation: Dendritic cells alert lymphocytes, stimulating antibody production and killer cell activation. B cells produce antibodies. T cells destroy infected cells.
    • Immune Memory: Trained lymphocytes rapidly respond to repeated pathogen attack.

    Great Figures in Immunology

    • Edward Jenner (1749-1823): Discovered that cowpox infection provided protection against smallpox. Developed the first vaccine.
    • Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Microorganisms cause diseases. Developed rabies, anthrax, and cholera vaccines.
    • Emil von Behring: Demonstrated effective use of antibodies for disease treatments via passive vaccination.

    Active vs Passive Vaccination

    • Active: Introduces a weakened pathogen to stimulate an immune response, creating long-term immunity
    • Passive: Administer pre-made antibodies for immediate, short-term protection; does not stimulate long-term immunity

    Targets of the Immune System

    • Intracellular infections hide within cells, requiring strong cell-mediated responses (e.g., T cells). Extracellular pathogens are easier to target.

    Cells of the Immune System

    • Phagocytes (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils) engulf and destroy pathogens.
    • Neutrophils: Granulocyte, rapid response (4-6 hours), flexible, penetrate infected tissues.
    • Dendritic cells: Capture pathogens and present antigens to activate adaptive immunity
    • Granulocytes: Perform exocytosis (release toxins) to fight pathogens, dangerous to the cell due to released toxins.

    Types of Immune System Cells

    • Eosinophils: Fight multicellular parasites, involved in allergic responses.
    • Basophils: Inflammation mediators; participate in allergic reactions.
    • Mast cells: Release chemical mediators (e.g., histamine) during immune reactions.
    • Lymphocytes: crucial for adaptive immunity.
      • T cells (kill infected cells, helper cells)
      • B cells (produce antibodies)
      • Natural killer (NK) cells kill infected cells without needing further instructions.

    Summary of Cells

    • Leukocytes (white blood cells) originate from hematopoietic stem cells.
    • Phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils), monocytes, granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, mast cells), and lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells)

    Immune System Divisions

    • Innate: Includes natural killer cells and phagocytes; provides immediate, non-specific defense.
    • Adaptive (Acquired): Includes B and T cells; provides targeted, specific, and long-lasting immunity against diseases.
    • Barrier: Skin, soluble proteins (e.g., complement).
    • Mediators: Substances like IL-1 and TNF-alpha.

    Primary vs Secondary Immune Responses

    • Primary: First exposure to an antigen; slower response, lower antibody concentration.
    • Secondary: Subsequent exposure to the same antigen; faster, stronger response, higher antibody concentration due to immune memory.

    Cytokine Concentration

    • Cytokine levels increase with exposure, signalling immune activity.
    • Innate response generates non-specific defense via cytokines.
    • Adaptive response produces faster, stronger immunity upon re-exposure

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Initial immune response (7-14 days): Antibodies and T cells target infection, leading to short-term protection
    • Protective immunity (14-35 days): Antibodies and effector cells prevent reinfection; immune system doesn't return to a steady state.
    • Immunological memory (months/years): Rapid, intense response for repeated infection, minimal symptoms, and often asymptomatic infections.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Immune System - Shiur 1-2 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the immune system's functioning and components. This quiz will cover topics such as immune responses, types of white blood cells, and the role of memory in immunity. Whether you're a student or just curious about immunology, this quiz will challenge your understanding.

    More Like This

    Immune System and Barrier Defenses Quiz
    42 questions

    Immune System and Barrier Defenses Quiz

    ImprovedVigor avatar
    ImprovedVigor
    Immune System Non-Specific Defenses Quiz
    17 questions

    Immune System Non-Specific Defenses Quiz

    WieldyErhu avatar
    WieldyErhu
    Immune System Overview and White Blood Cells
    13 questions

    Immune System Overview and White Blood Cells

    PositiveNitrogen5935 avatar
    PositiveNitrogen5935
    Immunology Overview Quiz
    5 questions

    Immunology Overview Quiz

    TransparentAquamarine7913 avatar
    TransparentAquamarine7913
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser