Immune System Comparison

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity provides immediate protection, while passive immunity develops gradually.

Active immunity involves the individual's immune response, while passive immunity involves transferred antibodies. (correct)

Passive immunity is exclusively acquired through vaccines.

Active immunity is temporary and passive immunity is long-lasting.

Which immunoglobulin class is primarily responsible for activating the complement system?

IgG

IgM (correct)

IgA

IgE

What characterizes the constant regions of an antibody?

They provide flexibility for the antibody to adapt to various antigens.

They have a unique structure for binding specific antigens.

They determine the antibody's class and effector functions. (correct)

They are the only regions that can change in response to an antigen.

Which immunoglobulin class is predominantly found on mucosal surfaces to prevent pathogen adherence?

IgA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the clonal expansion of T-cells in the cell-mediated immune response?

A specific T-cell replicates upon activation to enhance the immune response. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of natural passive immunity?

Direct transfer of antibodies through breast milk. (D) Signup and view all the answers

T-cells are primarily activated when they encounter antigens presented by which type of cells?

Both B lymphocytes and dendritic cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin class is associated with allergic reactions and responds to parasites?

IgE (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant role of cell-mediated immunity?

Protection against intracellular pathogens. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about natural immunity is correct?

It results from direct exposure to pathogens. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of T-cell maturation in the thymus?

To eliminate self-reacting cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which step of the immune response follows amplification?

Effector (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes primary immunodeficiency?

Is congenital and involves T-cells or B-cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when B-cells are activated by an antigen?

They divide and produce antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of failure in the negative selection of T-cells?

Autoimmune disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of iatrogenic immunodeficiency?

Genetic mutations (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the immune response is memory T-cell formation emphasized?

Memory phase (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are generated by B-cells during their maturation process?

Plasma cells and memory B-cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does innate immunity primarily differ from adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is non-specific and acts quickly against pathogens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly orders the five phases of the immune response?

Recognition, Amplification, Effector, Termination, Memory (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do memory T-cells play during a secondary exposure to a pathogen?

They allow for a rapid immune response (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key component of innate immunity?

Humoral antibodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Cytokines can either activate or inhibit cellular behaviors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chemokines in the immune system?

Inducing the migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is specific to an immunogen rather than an antigen?

It provokes an immune system response. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is primarily responsible for combating viral infections?

Cell-mediated immunity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acute phase proteins in the immune response?

They promote inflammation and alter metabolism. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about adaptive immunity is true?

It requires pre-activation and can take days to develop. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity primarily utilizes antibodies produced by B-cells?

Humoral immunity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for initiating the acute inflammatory response?

Complement proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Overview

Immune system divided into innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity: non-specific response, immediate action, initiates adaptive immunity development.
Adaptive immunity: pathogen-specific, develops memory, requires pre-activation, and enhances response over time.

Key Components of Innate Immunity

Exterior Defenses: Include epithelial barriers, mucosa, and various secretions.
Cellular Components: Involves leukocytes like natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and platelets.
Soluble Mediators:
- Complement: System of proteins inducing acute inflammatory response, damaging microbial membranes.
- Cytokines: Proteins modifying cellular behavior, crucial for immune regulation.

Key Types of Cytokines

Chemokines: Induce leukocyte migration, enhance inflammation by altering vascular permeability and blood flow.
Interferons: Produced by virus-infected cells, increase resistance to viral replication.
Acute Phase Proteins: Promote inflammation, alter metabolism and blood flow, and assist in protein production.

Components of Adaptive Immunity

Humoral Immunity: Involves antibodies produced by B cells.
Cell-Mediated Immunity: Involves T cells, essential for targeting infected cells.

Antigens vs. Immunogens

Antigen: Any molecule binding to antibodies or T-cell receptors.
Immunogen: A type of antigen that triggers an immune response, e.g., adjuvants enhance vaccine efficacy.

Active vs. Passive Immunity

Active Immunity: Long-lasting protection from exposure to antigens, through natural infection or vaccination.
Passive Immunity: Temporary immunity from transferred antibodies, occurring naturally (e.g., transplacental) or artificially (e.g., injection of antibodies).

Antibody Structure and Function

Produced by B lymphocytes, with two critical regions:
- Fragment Antigen Binding Site: Contains variable regions for specificity.
- Constant Regions: Define the antibody class.

Major Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes

IgM: First antibody produced, activates complement system.
IgG: Major antibody in blood, long-lasting immunity, crosses placenta.
IgA: Predominant in mucosal areas, protects against pathogens.
IgE: Binds to mast cells, involved in allergic responses and parasite defense.
IgD: Acts as an antigen receptor on B cells.

Clinical Relevance of Cell-Mediated Immunity

Essential for protection against intracellular pathogens.
Involved in tissue transplant rejections and certain autoimmune diseases.

Process of Cell Mediated Immunity

Antigen phagocytosis by macrophages/dendritic cells, followed by antigen presentation to T cells in lymph nodes.
Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion, migrating to attack pathogens and activating B cells.

Formation of T-Lymphocytes

Derived from bone marrow, mature in the thymus, developing specific receptors.
Self-reactive cells are eliminated to prevent autoimmune diseases.

Formation/Maturation of B-Lymphocytes

Exit bone marrow displaying IgM and IgD.
Upon activation by antigens, B-cells proliferate and produce antibodies, maturing into plasma cells or memory B cells for future responses.

Phases of the Immune Response

Involves five phases:
- Recognition
- Amplification
- Effector
- Termination
- Memory

Immunodeficiency Types

Primary Immunodeficiency: Congenital deficit in T-cells, B-cells, or lymphoid tissue.
Secondary Immunodeficiency: Result of diseases that impair immune response.

Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency Sources

Can be caused by: cytotoxic drugs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, and splenectomy.

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Description

Explore the key differences between innate and adaptive immunity in this quiz. Understand how each system functions, including their roles in pathogen elimination and memory generation. Ideal for students studying biology or immunology.