Immune System and Hypersensitivity Reactions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common type of embolus?

  • Thrombo-emboli (correct)
  • Air emboli
  • Tumor emboli
  • Fat emboli

What is the ultimate goal of pathology?

  • To prevent the spread of diseases
  • To develop new therapies for diseases
  • To identify the cause of diseases and their effects (correct)
  • To study the anatomy of the human body

What is the most common type of embolus?

  • Atherosclerotic emboli
  • Thrombo-emboli (correct)
  • Air emboli
  • Fat emboli

What is the ultimate goal of pathology?

<p>To identify the cause of diseases and their effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is mediated by cells and proteins that are always present and ready to fight against microbes while adaptive immunity is not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is mediated by cells and proteins that are always present and ready to fight against microbes while adaptive immunity is not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of pathology?

<p>To identify the cause of diseases and their effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphocytes?

<p>Cells that produce antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four aspects of any disease process that pathology deals with?

<p>Etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of amniotic fluid embolism?

<p>40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphocytes?

<p>Cells that produce antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of amniotic fluid embolism?

<p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pathogenesis?

<p>The study of disease progression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four aspects of any disease process that pathology deals with?

<p>Etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

<p>They are part of the innate immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between intrinsic-genetic causes and extrinsic causes of diseases?

<p>Intrinsic-genetic causes are inherited, while extrinsic causes are acquired (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between white and red infarcts?

<p>White infarcts are associated with end-arterial occlusion while red infarcts are not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'morphology' mean in pathology?

<p>Abnormal anatomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main fields of pathology?

<p>Experimental pathology and clinical pathology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

<p>They are part of the innate immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PE)?

<p>Venous emboli originating from deep leg veins above the knee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main fields of pathology?

<p>Experimental and clinical pathology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does morphology mean in pathology?

<p>Study of the abnormal anatomy of diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pathogenesis?

<p>The sequence of events from the initial stimulus to disease development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of systemic thromboembolism?

<p>Emboli originating in the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?

<p>They capture microbial antigens and display them to lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of systemic thromboembolism?

<p>Thrombo-emboli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?

<p>They capture microbial antigens and display them to lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are major histocompatibility complex molecules?

<p>Molecules that are fundamental to T cell recognition of antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between intrinsic-genetic causes and extrinsic causes of diseases?

<p>Intrinsic-genetic causes are inherited, while extrinsic causes are acquired. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are major histocompatibility complex molecules?

<p>Molecules that are fundamental to T cell recognition of antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is morphology in pathology?

<p>The study of abnormal anatomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between white infarcts and red infarcts?

<p>White infarcts are usually seen in solid organs with end-arterial occlusion, while red infarcts are associated with haemorrhage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a subdivision of clinical pathology?

<p>Experimental pathology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the non-progressive stage of shock?

<p>To maintain enough blood supply to vital organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in women over 50?

<p>0.5-1.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main fields of pathology?

<p>Experimental pathology and clinical pathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can cause tissue damage and disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events from the initial stimulus to disease development called?

<p>Pathogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can cause tissue damage and disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of fat embolism?

<p>Severe skeletal fractures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between intrinsic-genetic causes and extrinsic causes of diseases?

<p>Intrinsic-genetic causes are caused by genetic factors, while extrinsic causes are caused by environmental factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is morbid anatomy?

<p>The study of abnormal anatomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are type I hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Binding of antigen to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are type I hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Binding of antigen to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shock?

<p>Systemic hypoperfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PE)?

<p>Venous emboli originating from deep leg veins above the knee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between gross pathology and microscopic pathology?

<p>Gross pathology studies the structure of tissues, while microscopic pathology studies cells and tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of diseases by examining the external and internal body after death called?

<p>Morbid anatomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are type II hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major subdivisions of clinical pathology?

<p>Hematopathology, medical microbiology, and immunopathology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to learn pathology?

<p>Studying general pathology first (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common risk factor for developing aneurysms?

<p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are type II hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of aneurysm?

<p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the histopathologic techniques used in pathology?

<p>Gross pathology, routine light microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, biopsy, frozen section, and cytology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are type III hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Antigen-antibody immune complexes that deposit in blood vessels and tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor for developing aneurysms?

<p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are type III hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Antigen-antibody immune complexes that deposit in blood vessels and tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in women over the age of 50?

<p>0.5-1.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves' disease, and Goodpasture syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of fat embolism?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves' disease, and Goodpasture syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of shock treatment?

<p>To maintain enough blood supply to vital organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between white and red infarcts?

<p>White infarcts are associated with end-arterial occlusion while red infarcts are not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of systemic thromboembolism?

<p>Thrombo-emboli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can hypersensitivity reactions be diagnosed?

<p>Using skin tests, serologic tests, and biopsy or other tissue sampling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can hypersensitivity reactions be diagnosed?

<p>Using skin tests, serologic tests, and biopsy or other tissue sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Depends on the specific type and severity of the reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Depends on the specific type and severity of the reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the non-progressive stage of shock?

<p>To maintain enough blood supply to vital organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of aneurysms?

<p>Acquired disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immune System

Defends the body against pathogenic microbes.

Diseases of Immunity

Conditions caused by either excessive or insufficient immune response.

Innate Immunity

Immediate, general defense mechanisms present from birth.

Adaptive Immunity

Specialized immune response developed after exposure to pathogens.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells critical for the immune response.

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T Lymphocytes

Major population of lymphocytes essential for cell-mediated immunity.

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B Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies, responsible for humoral immunity.

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Natural Killer Cells

Lymphocytes part of innate immunity, kill infected or cancer cells.

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Antigen-Presenting Cells

Cells that deliver antigens to lymphocytes, stimulating an immune response.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex

Molecules that help T cells recognize antigens.

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Hypersensitivity Reactions

Pathologic immune responses causing tissue injury.

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Type I Hypersensitivity

Involves IgE antibodies and causes allergic responses.

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Type II Hypersensitivity

Involves IgG or IgM antibodies leading to cell destruction.

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Type III Hypersensitivity

Involves immune complex formation, causing inflammation.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity

T cell-mediated inflammation or cytotoxicity.

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Examples of Type I

Includes allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.

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Examples of Type II

Includes autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Graves' disease.

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Examples of Type III

Includes systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Examples of Type IV

Includes contact dermatitis and organ transplant rejection.

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Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity

Utilizes skin tests, serologic tests, and tissue sampling.

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Treatment of Hypersensitivity

Involves avoidance, desensitization, and immunosuppressants.

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Significance of Hypersensitivity

Can lead to morbidity and mortality without management.

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Immunosuppressive Drugs

Medications that reduce immune system activity.

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Desensitization Therapy

Gradual exposure to allergens to reduce sensitivity.

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Complement Activation

Part of the immune system that enhances antibody effects and cell lysis.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

Type of immunity involving T cells and the direct attack on infected cells.

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Humoral Immunity

Involves B cells and the production of antibodies.

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Study Notes

Overview of the Immune System and Hypersensitivity Reactions

  • The immune system defends the body against pathogenic microbes in the environment.

  • Diseases of immunity range from those caused by “too little” to those caused by “too much or inappropriate” immune activity.

  • Innate immunity is mediated by cells and proteins that are always present and ready to fight against microbes while adaptive immunity is more specialized and powerful.

  • Lymphocytes are the cells of the immune system and there are several types of lymphocyte populations.

  • T lymphocytes are diverse group of cells which constitute about 75% of the lymphocytes in peripheral blood and are the major lymphocyte population in spleen and inter-follicular zones of lymph nodes.

  • B lymphocytes produce antibodies and are responsible for humoral immunity.

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes and part of the innate immunity.

  • Antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, capture microbial antigens and display them to lymphocytes.

  • Major histocompatibility complex molecules are fundamental to T cell recognition of antigens.

  • Hypersensitivity reactions are pathologic immune responses that can cause tissue injury.

  • Causes of hypersensitivity reactions include autoimmunity, reactions against microbes, and reactions against environmental antigens.

  • Hypersensitivity reactions are traditionally subdivided into four types based on the principal immune mechanism responsible for injury.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Mechanisms and Examples

  • Hypersensitivity reactions are excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can cause tissue damage and disease.

  • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the binding of antigen to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine and other mediators that cause allergic symptoms.

  • Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens, leading to cell destruction by complement activation or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

  • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes that deposit in blood vessels and tissues, leading to complement activation and acute inflammation.

  • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T cell-mediated and involve either cytokine-mediated inflammation or T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

  • Examples of type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.

  • Examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves' disease, and Goodpasture syndrome.

  • Examples of type III hypersensitivity reactions include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and serum sickness.

  • Examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculosis or other infections, and rejection of solid organ transplants.

  • Hypersensitivity reactions can be diagnosed using skin tests, serologic tests, and biopsy or other tissue sampling.

  • Treatment of hypersensitivity reactions may involve avoidance of the triggering antigen, desensitization therapy, immunosuppressive drugs, or other supportive measures depending on the specific type and severity of the reaction.

  • Hypersensitivity reactions can have significant morbidity and mortality, but with appropriate management, most patients can achieve good control of symptoms and prevent further tissue damage.

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