42 Questions
Which type of immunity is characterized by specificity and memory?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary function of natural killer cells in the immune system?
Directly attacking and killing infected cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of fever (pyrexia)?
It is beneficial in combating pathogens
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
What is the main source of interferons in the body?
Virus-infected cells
Which pathway of complement activation is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes?
Classical pathway
What is the role of perforins and granzymes in defense mechanisms?
Killing infected cells
What is the primary mechanism by which neutrophils combat pathogens?
Phagocytosis
What do macrophages release to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection?
Cytokines
What is the composition of pus?
Bacteria and dead white blood cells
What are the three properties of the skin that make it an effective barrier to pathogens?
Tight junctions, keratinized cells, resident microbiota
What are the three pathways of complement activation?
Classical, alternative, lectin
What are the defining characteristics of innate immunity?
Rapid response and non-specificity
How do mucous membranes resist microbial invasion?
By trapping pathogens in mucus and expelling them
What is the primary source of complement proteins?
Liver cells
What is the role of natural killer cells in defense mechanisms?
Destroying virus-infected cells and cancer cells
What is the main function of interferons in opposing the spread of viruses?
Inhibiting viral replication in neighboring cells
Which mechanism accounts for the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
What are the benefits of fever (pyrexia) in combating pathogens?
Stimulation of phagocytosis and adaptive immunity
How do macrophages recruit other immune cells to the site of infection?
Producing chemokines
Which type of lymphocyte is involved in adaptive immunity?
B lymphocytes
What is the primary source of interferons in the body?
Infected cells
Which mechanism accounts for the formation, composition, and fate of pus?
Phagocytosis
What are the roles of organic acids and antimicrobial peptides in the skin's barrier function?
Neutralization of pathogens
Which type of immunity is characterized by specificity and memory?
Adaptive immunity
What are the defining characteristics of natural killer cells?
Recognition and elimination of virus-infected cells
How do complement proteins aid in the destruction of pathogens?
Direct lysis of pathogens
What are the primary chemicals that mobilize the body’s defenses and initiate inflammation?
Cytokines and histamines
What is the primary role of macrophages in defense mechanisms?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
What is the danger of excessive fever in combating pathogens?
Tissue damage and organ dysfunction
What do inflammatory cytokines primarily mediate in the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
What is the primary function of the respiratory burst in neutrophils?
Producing reactive oxygen species to kill pathogens
Which type of lymphocyte plays a role in innate immunity?
Natural killer cells
What is the main function of complement proteins in the immune system?
Aid in the destruction of pathogens
What is the role of interferons in opposing the spread of viruses?
Inhibit viral replication in neighboring cells
What is the source of pyrogens that trigger the onset of fever?
Macrophages
What is the primary mechanism by which macrophages combat pathogens?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
Which chemicals mobilize the body's defenses and initiate inflammation?
Histamines and prostaglandins
What is the primary role of natural killer cells in defense mechanisms?
Killing virus-infected and tumor cells
What are the actions of margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis in neutrophils' defense against pathogens?
Migration out of blood vessels and towards pathogens
What is the composition of pus in the context of immune responses?
Dead neutrophils, tissue debris, and pathogens
What is the primary function of hyperemia in the context of inflammation?
Promoting vasodilation to increase blood flow
Test your knowledge on the immune system's three lines of defense against pathogens, the components of the system, differences between innate and adaptive immunity, skin's barrier properties, mucous membrane resistance, and the mechanisms by which white blood cell types combat pathogens and illness.
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