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Questions and Answers
What are tumour antigens?
What are tumour antigens?
What can tumour antigens be used for?
What can tumour antigens be used for?
What can result in neoplastic transformation according to the text?
What can result in neoplastic transformation according to the text?
How can antibodies against tumour-restricted antigens be used?
How can antibodies against tumour-restricted antigens be used?
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Which type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class II antigen-processing pathway?
Which type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class II antigen-processing pathway?
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What is an example of a tumor antigen expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in normal developing foetal tissues?
What is an example of a tumor antigen expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in normal developing foetal tissues?
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Which cells provide the first line of defense in destroying tumor cells?
Which cells provide the first line of defense in destroying tumor cells?
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Which stage of the immune response to cancer involves the immune system maintaining a balance with the tumor without completely eliminating it?
Which stage of the immune response to cancer involves the immune system maintaining a balance with the tumor without completely eliminating it?
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What is the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers?
What is the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers?
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What is an example of an altered cell surface glycolipid or glycoprotein in tumors?
What is an example of an altered cell surface glycolipid or glycoprotein in tumors?
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Which type of antigen serves as potential targets for immunotherapy and helps identify the tissue of origin of tumors?
Which type of antigen serves as potential targets for immunotherapy and helps identify the tissue of origin of tumors?
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What can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in tumors?
What can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in tumors?
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Which of the following is an example of an oncofoetal antigen?
Which of the following is an example of an oncofoetal antigen?
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What is an example of a potent tumor antigen produced by oncogenic viruses?
What is an example of a potent tumor antigen produced by oncogenic viruses?
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Which type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class I antigen-processing pathway?
Which type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class I antigen-processing pathway?
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What is an example of a tumor antigen recognized by CD8+ T cells?
What is an example of a tumor antigen recognized by CD8+ T cells?
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Which of the following is a main class of tumour antigens according to the text?
Which of the following is a main class of tumour antigens according to the text?
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How can tumour antigens be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes?
How can tumour antigens be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes?
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What type of antigens can serve as the target of effective anti-cancer therapies according to the text?
What type of antigens can serve as the target of effective anti-cancer therapies according to the text?
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What is the relationship between neoplastic transformation and tumour antigens according to the text?
What is the relationship between neoplastic transformation and tumour antigens according to the text?
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Which of the following is an example of an oncofoetal antigen?
Which of the following is an example of an oncofoetal antigen?
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What is an example of a potent tumor antigen produced by oncogenic viruses?
What is an example of a potent tumor antigen produced by oncogenic viruses?
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What can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in tumors?
What can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in tumors?
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What can result in neoplastic transformation?
What can result in neoplastic transformation?
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What are tumors expressing that serve as potential targets for immunotherapy and help identify the tissue of origin of tumors?
What are tumors expressing that serve as potential targets for immunotherapy and help identify the tissue of origin of tumors?
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Which type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class II antigen-processing pathway?
Which type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class II antigen-processing pathway?
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What type of antigen serves as markers for tumor diagnosis and clinical management?
What type of antigen serves as markers for tumor diagnosis and clinical management?
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What is the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers?
What is the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers?
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Which cells play a role in destroying tumor cells by providing the first line of defense?
Which cells play a role in destroying tumor cells by providing the first line of defense?
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What type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class I antigen-processing pathway?
What type of T cells recognize tumor antigens that enter the class I antigen-processing pathway?
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What is an example of a tumor antigen recognized by CD8+ T cells?
What is an example of a tumor antigen recognized by CD8+ T cells?
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What can the immune response to cancer proceed through?
What can the immune response to cancer proceed through?
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Which type of immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours?
Which type of immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours?
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What is the main function of monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens?
What is the main function of monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens?
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What is the purpose of generating antitumour lymphocytes, known as lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministering them to the patient?
What is the purpose of generating antitumour lymphocytes, known as lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministering them to the patient?
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Which approach aims to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells by vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG?
Which approach aims to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells by vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG?
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What is the role of Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, in the treatment of feline injection site sarcoma?
What is the role of Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, in the treatment of feline injection site sarcoma?
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What is the composition of the 'naked DNA' vaccine used as the first 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma?
What is the composition of the 'naked DNA' vaccine used as the first 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma?
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What is the primary function of the vaccine containing the human tyrosinase gene when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma?
What is the primary function of the vaccine containing the human tyrosinase gene when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma?
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What is the role of immunotherapy in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches?
What is the role of immunotherapy in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches?
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What is the purpose of the first 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma?
What is the purpose of the first 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma?
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What is the primary function of the 'magic bullets' referred to in the text?
What is the primary function of the 'magic bullets' referred to in the text?
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Products of mutated genes encode variant proteins that have been seen by the immune system and are recognized as self.
Products of mutated genes encode variant proteins that have been seen by the immune system and are recognized as self.
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Tumour antigens released into the bloodstream do not allow noninvasive detection of tumours.
Tumour antigens released into the bloodstream do not allow noninvasive detection of tumours.
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Antibodies against tumour-restricted antigens cannot be used to localize tumours and detect metastases.
Antibodies against tumour-restricted antigens cannot be used to localize tumours and detect metastases.
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Immune Response to Tumors: Tumor antigens can only enter class I antigen-processing pathways and are only recognized by CD8+ T cells.
Immune Response to Tumors: Tumor antigens can only enter class I antigen-processing pathways and are only recognized by CD8+ T cells.
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Immune Response to Tumors: The immune system cannot respond to normal self-antigens when they are abnormally expressed in tumor cells.
Immune Response to Tumors: The immune system cannot respond to normal self-antigens when they are abnormally expressed in tumor cells.
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Immune Response to Tumors: The immune response to cancer proceeds through four stages: elimination, equilibrium, escape, and eradication.
Immune Response to Tumors: The immune response to cancer proceeds through four stages: elimination, equilibrium, escape, and eradication.
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Antitumour antibodies can only bind to NK cells, not macrophages, for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Antitumour antibodies can only bind to NK cells, not macrophages, for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
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Evasion of the immune response in cancer does not include the selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants.
Evasion of the immune response in cancer does not include the selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants.
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Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens cannot be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously.
Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens cannot be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously.
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Tumour immunotherapy does not aim to stimulate the immune response of the host against the tumour.
Tumour immunotherapy does not aim to stimulate the immune response of the host against the tumour.
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True or false: Tumour antigens are only exploited for diagnostic purposes, not therapeutic purposes.
True or false: Tumour antigens are only exploited for diagnostic purposes, not therapeutic purposes.
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True or false: Tumour antigens released into the bloodstream do not allow noninvasive detection of tumours.
True or false: Tumour antigens released into the bloodstream do not allow noninvasive detection of tumours.
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True or false: Tumor antigens can only serve as the target of effective anti-cancer therapies, not as markers for tumor diagnosis.
True or false: Tumor antigens can only serve as the target of effective anti-cancer therapies, not as markers for tumor diagnosis.
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True or false: Tumor antigens can only be cytoplasmic proteins and overexpressed cellular proteins.
True or false: Tumor antigens can only be cytoplasmic proteins and overexpressed cellular proteins.
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True or false: The immune response to cancer proceeds through four stages: elimination, equilibrium, escape, and eradication.
True or false: The immune response to cancer proceeds through four stages: elimination, equilibrium, escape, and eradication.
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True or false: Antibodies against tumor antigens cannot activate a local complement cascade to kill tumor cells.
True or false: Antibodies against tumor antigens cannot activate a local complement cascade to kill tumor cells.
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Antitumour antibodies can only bind to NK cells, not macrophages, for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Antitumour antibodies can only bind to NK cells, not macrophages, for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
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Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants.
Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants.
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Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, reduces the time to relapse of the tumour in feline injection site sarcoma.
Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, reduces the time to relapse of the tumour in feline injection site sarcoma.
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The first 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma is a 'naked DNA' vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase is inserted.
The first 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma is a 'naked DNA' vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase is inserted.
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Explain why tumour cells might trigger host immune responses.
Explain why tumour cells might trigger host immune responses.
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Describe several ways in which host animals’ immune systems may limit tumour-cell growth.
Describe several ways in which host animals’ immune systems may limit tumour-cell growth.
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Explain the relationship between host animals and their tumours.
Explain the relationship between host animals and their tumours.
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Explain the role of oncofoetal antigens in tumor diagnosis and clinical management. Provide examples of oncofoetal antigens and their significance.
Explain the role of oncofoetal antigens in tumor diagnosis and clinical management. Provide examples of oncofoetal antigens and their significance.
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Describe the immune response to cancer and its three stages. Explain the significance of the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo.
Describe the immune response to cancer and its three stages. Explain the significance of the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo.
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Discuss the potential of tumor antigens to incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Provide examples of tumor antigens and their impact on immunotherapy and tumor diagnosis.
Discuss the potential of tumor antigens to incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Provide examples of tumor antigens and their impact on immunotherapy and tumor diagnosis.
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Explain the role of antitumour antibodies in the immune response to cancer and provide an example of their action.
Explain the role of antitumour antibodies in the immune response to cancer and provide an example of their action.
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Describe the evasion of the immune response in cancer and provide two specific mechanisms by which tumour cells escape attack by the immune system.
Describe the evasion of the immune response in cancer and provide two specific mechanisms by which tumour cells escape attack by the immune system.
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Explain the concept of immunotherapy and provide examples of passive and active immunotherapy.
Explain the concept of immunotherapy and provide examples of passive and active immunotherapy.
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Discuss the use of specific immunotherapeutic products in the treatment of feline and canine cancer, providing two examples.
Discuss the use of specific immunotherapeutic products in the treatment of feline and canine cancer, providing two examples.
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What are the main classes of tumour antigens according to the text?
What are the main classes of tumour antigens according to the text?
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How can tumour antigens be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes?
How can tumour antigens be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes?
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What are the possible outcomes of host-tumour interactions?
What are the possible outcomes of host-tumour interactions?
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Explain the role of oncofoetal antigens in tumor diagnosis and clinical management. Provide examples of oncofoetal antigens and their significance.
Explain the role of oncofoetal antigens in tumor diagnosis and clinical management. Provide examples of oncofoetal antigens and their significance.
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Discuss the potential of tumor antigens to incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Provide examples of tumor antigens and their impact on immunotherapy and tumor diagnosis.
Discuss the potential of tumor antigens to incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Provide examples of tumor antigens and their impact on immunotherapy and tumor diagnosis.
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What is the relationship between neoplastic transformation and tumour antigens according to the text?
What is the relationship between neoplastic transformation and tumour antigens according to the text?
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What is the role of TGF-$eta$ and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the evasion of the immune response by tumour cells?
What is the role of TGF-$eta$ and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the evasion of the immune response by tumour cells?
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Explain the process of generating antitumour lymphocytes, known as lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), and their potential use in cancer treatment.
Explain the process of generating antitumour lymphocytes, known as lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), and their potential use in cancer treatment.
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Describe the function of Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, in the treatment of feline injection site sarcoma.
Describe the function of Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, in the treatment of feline injection site sarcoma.
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What is the significance of the 'magic bullets' referred to in the text, and how do they target tumour cells?
What is the significance of the 'magic bullets' referred to in the text, and how do they target tumour cells?
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Study Notes
Immune Response to Tumors
- Tumor antigens can be cytoplasmic proteins, overexpressed cellular proteins, produced by oncogenic viruses, oncofoetal antigens, altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins, and cell type-specific differentiation antigens.
- Tumor antigens may enter class I or class II antigen-processing pathways, and may be recognized by CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
- The immune system can respond to normal self-antigens when they are abnormally expressed in tumor cells.
- Examples of tumor antigens include mutates RAS proteins, mutated p53, tyrosinase, cancertestis antigens, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
- Oncogenic viruses can produce potent tumor antigens, such as FOCMA antigens and Marek’s tumour-specific antigens.
- Oncofoetal antigens are expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in normal developing foetal tissues and serve as markers for tumor diagnosis and clinical management.
- Altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins in tumors include gangliosides, blood group antigens, and mucins with dysregulated expression of carbohydrate side chains.
- Tumors express cell type-specific differentiation antigens that are normally present on the cells of origin, serving as potential targets for immunotherapy and identifying the tissue of origin of tumors.
- The immune response to cancer proceeds through three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
- The dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo is cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which is correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers.
- NK cells and macrophages also play a role in destroying tumor cells, with NK cells providing the first line of defense and macrophages killing tumor cells through mechanisms similar to those used to kill microbes.
- Tumor antigens can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, with antibodies recognizing tumor antigens and activating a local complement cascade to kill tumor cells.
Immune Response to Tumors
- Tumor antigens can be cytoplasmic proteins, overexpressed cellular proteins, produced by oncogenic viruses, oncofoetal antigens, altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins, and cell type-specific differentiation antigens.
- Tumor antigens may enter class I or class II antigen-processing pathways, and may be recognized by CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
- The immune system can respond to normal self-antigens when they are abnormally expressed in tumor cells.
- Examples of tumor antigens include mutates RAS proteins, mutated p53, tyrosinase, cancertestis antigens, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
- Oncogenic viruses can produce potent tumor antigens, such as FOCMA antigens and Marek’s tumour-specific antigens.
- Oncofoetal antigens are expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in normal developing foetal tissues and serve as markers for tumor diagnosis and clinical management.
- Altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins in tumors include gangliosides, blood group antigens, and mucins with dysregulated expression of carbohydrate side chains.
- Tumors express cell type-specific differentiation antigens that are normally present on the cells of origin, serving as potential targets for immunotherapy and identifying the tissue of origin of tumors.
- The immune response to cancer proceeds through three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
- The dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo is cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which is correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers.
- NK cells and macrophages also play a role in destroying tumor cells, with NK cells providing the first line of defense and macrophages killing tumor cells through mechanisms similar to those used to kill microbes.
- Tumor antigens can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, with antibodies recognizing tumor antigens and activating a local complement cascade to kill tumor cells.
Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response
- Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
- Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
- Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
- Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
- Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
- Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
- Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
- Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
- The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
- The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
- Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
- The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.
Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response
- Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
- Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
- Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
- Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
- Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
- Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
- Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
- Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
- The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
- The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
- Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
- The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.
Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response
- Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
- Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
- Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
- Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
- Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
- Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
- Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
- Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
- The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
- The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
- Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
- The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.
Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response
- Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
- Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
- Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
- Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
- Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
- Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
- Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
- Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
- The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
- The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
- Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
- The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.
Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response
- Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
- Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
- Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
- Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
- Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
- Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
- Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
- Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
- The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
- The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
- Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
- The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.
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Test your knowledge of the immune response to tumors with this quiz. Explore topics such as tumor antigens, immune cell recognition, stages of immune response to cancer, and the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cells, and macrophages in tumor destruction.
