Immune Response to Tumors Quiz

Immune Response to Tumors

• Tumor antigens can be cytoplasmic proteins, overexpressed cellular proteins, produced by oncogenic viruses, oncofoetal antigens, altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins, and cell type-specific differentiation antigens.
• Tumor antigens may enter class I or class II antigen-processing pathways, and may be recognized by CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
• The immune system can respond to normal self-antigens when they are abnormally expressed in tumor cells.
• Examples of tumor antigens include mutates RAS proteins, mutated p53, tyrosinase, cancertestis antigens, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
• Oncogenic viruses can produce potent tumor antigens, such as FOCMA antigens and Marek’s tumour-specific antigens.
• Oncofoetal antigens are expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in normal developing foetal tissues and serve as markers for tumor diagnosis and clinical management.
• Altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins in tumors include gangliosides, blood group antigens, and mucins with dysregulated expression of carbohydrate side chains.
• Tumors express cell type-specific differentiation antigens that are normally present on the cells of origin, serving as potential targets for immunotherapy and identifying the tissue of origin of tumors.
• The immune response to cancer proceeds through three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
• The dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo is cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which is correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers.
• NK cells and macrophages also play a role in destroying tumor cells, with NK cells providing the first line of defense and macrophages killing tumor cells through mechanisms similar to those used to kill microbes.
• Tumor antigens can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, with antibodies recognizing tumor antigens and activating a local complement cascade to kill tumor cells.

Immune Response to Tumors

• Tumor antigens can be cytoplasmic proteins, overexpressed cellular proteins, produced by oncogenic viruses, oncofoetal antigens, altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins, and cell type-specific differentiation antigens.
• Tumor antigens may enter class I or class II antigen-processing pathways, and may be recognized by CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
• The immune system can respond to normal self-antigens when they are abnormally expressed in tumor cells.
• Examples of tumor antigens include mutates RAS proteins, mutated p53, tyrosinase, cancertestis antigens, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
• Oncogenic viruses can produce potent tumor antigens, such as FOCMA antigens and Marek’s tumour-specific antigens.
• Oncofoetal antigens are expressed at high levels on cancer cells and in normal developing foetal tissues and serve as markers for tumor diagnosis and clinical management.
• Altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins in tumors include gangliosides, blood group antigens, and mucins with dysregulated expression of carbohydrate side chains.
• Tumors express cell type-specific differentiation antigens that are normally present on the cells of origin, serving as potential targets for immunotherapy and identifying the tissue of origin of tumors.
• The immune response to cancer proceeds through three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
• The dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo is cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which is correlated with a better prognosis in various cancers.
• NK cells and macrophages also play a role in destroying tumor cells, with NK cells providing the first line of defense and macrophages killing tumor cells through mechanisms similar to those used to kill microbes.
• Tumor antigens can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, with antibodies recognizing tumor antigens and activating a local complement cascade to kill tumor cells.

Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response

• Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
• Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
• Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
• Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
• Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
• Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
• Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
• Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
• The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
• The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
• Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
• The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.

Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response

• Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
• Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
• Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
• Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
• Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
• Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
• Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
• Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
• The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
• The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
• Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
• The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.

Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response

• Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
• Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
• Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
• Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
• Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
• Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
• Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
• Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
• The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
• The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
• Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
• The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.

Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response

• Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
• Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
• Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
• Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
• Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
• Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
• Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
• Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
• The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
• The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
• Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
• The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.

Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response

• Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing the effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
• Evasion of the immune response in cancer includes selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules, which helps tumour cells escape attack by cytotoxic T cells.
• Tumour cells may activate immunoregulatory pathways, inhibit tumour immunity, and secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
• Immunotherapy aims to destroy tumour cells by providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours (passive immunotherapy) or stimulating the immune response of the host against the tumour (active immunotherapy).
• Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used to carry substances directly to a tumour when injected intravenously, referred to as "magic bullets" for their selective targeting of tumour cells.
• Antitumour lymphocytes, called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), can be generated by expanding lymphocytes in vitro and then readministered to the patient.
• Various approaches to stimulate active immunity of patients against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour cells or antigens, administration of cytokines, and nonspecific stimulation of the immune system with proinflammatory substances like BCG.
• Oncept Il-2, a canarypox virus vector carrying the feline IL-2 gene, has been released for the adjunct treatment of feline injection site sarcoma, reducing the time to relapse of the tumour.
• The first "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma is a "naked DNA" vaccine comprising a bacterial plasmid into which the gene encoding the molecule tyrosinase, a tumour antigen expressed by melanoma cells, is inserted.
• The vaccine, containing the human tyrosinase gene, when injected into a dog with oral malignant melanoma, amplifies the antitumour immune response through tumour antigen presentation by transfecting dendritic cells with tyrosinase peptides.
• Immunotherapy plays a role in the management of tumours alongside chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic approaches.
• The text provides an overview of tumour immunotherapy, strategies of evasion of the immune response by tumour cells, and specific examples of immunotherapeutic products and approaches used in feline and canine cancer treatment.