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Questions and Answers
What role do CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells play in the immune response?
What role do CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells play in the immune response?
Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for making antibodies?
Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for making antibodies?
How is interstitial fluid returned to the bloodstream?
How is interstitial fluid returned to the bloodstream?
Which of the following describes innate immunity?
Which of the following describes innate immunity?
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What is the primary site for immune system action involving T-cells and B-cells?
What is the primary site for immune system action involving T-cells and B-cells?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigens associated with Class II MHC?
Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigens associated with Class II MHC?
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What is the primary site of T cell maturation in the immune system?
What is the primary site of T cell maturation in the immune system?
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Which of the following is categorized as a primary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is categorized as a primary lymphoid organ?
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What type of immunity is characterized by a delayed response and memory of previous infections?
What type of immunity is characterized by a delayed response and memory of previous infections?
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Which of the following correctly describes an epitope?
Which of the following correctly describes an epitope?
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Which statement best describes the function of cytokines?
Which statement best describes the function of cytokines?
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In the context of lymphatic tissue, what is the role of germinal centers in lymph nodes?
In the context of lymphatic tissue, what is the role of germinal centers in lymph nodes?
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What distinguishes secondary lymphoid organs from primary lymphoid organs?
What distinguishes secondary lymphoid organs from primary lymphoid organs?
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What is the primary role of monocytes in the immune system?
What is the primary role of monocytes in the immune system?
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Which of the following best describes the function of dendritic cells?
Which of the following best describes the function of dendritic cells?
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Which cells are defined by the presence of the CD8 protein?
Which cells are defined by the presence of the CD8 protein?
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What occurs when macrophages encounter a pathogen?
What occurs when macrophages encounter a pathogen?
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Natural Killer (NK) cells are known primarily for which function?
Natural Killer (NK) cells are known primarily for which function?
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What is the significance of cytokines in the immune response?
What is the significance of cytokines in the immune response?
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Which of the following statements about B lymphocytes is true?
Which of the following statements about B lymphocytes is true?
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Which of these is true regarding the MHC molecules?
Which of these is true regarding the MHC molecules?
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What is a primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is a primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
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What is a key feature of helper T cells?
What is a key feature of helper T cells?
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Which of the following best explains the role of Fc receptors on macrophages?
Which of the following best explains the role of Fc receptors on macrophages?
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Which factor primarily contributes to leukocytosis?
Which factor primarily contributes to leukocytosis?
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What distinguishes regulatory T cells from other T cells?
What distinguishes regulatory T cells from other T cells?
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What role do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play in macrophages?
What role do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play in macrophages?
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Study Notes
Immune Response Part 1
- The immune response is a complex system in vertebrates for fighting pathogens.
- The immune system cells recognize foreign molecules ("foreign" macromolecules) to initiate an immune response.
- Immune cells and proteins act in different ways to neutralize, immobilize, agglutinate, or kill pathogens.
Innate Immunity
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Innate immunity is the body's nonspecific protection against foreign substances.
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It provides a rapid response (in hours)
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Its recognition mechanisms are fixed and have limited specificities that are constant during the response.
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Has a limited number of specificities.
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Responses occur constantly throughout the immune response.
Adaptive Immunity
- Adaptive immunity is the acquired defense mechanism that involves T cells and B cells.
- Has a variable response that occurs over days to weeks.
- Adaptive immunity has numerous, highly selective specificities that improve during the response.
Common Human Diseases
- Common diseases are caused by various pathogens, including Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths.
- The study will focus on bacterial infections.
- Examples of bacterial diseases are dysentery, plague, diphtheria, cholera, typhoid, and pneumonia.
- Some viral diseases mentioned include the common cold, mumps, measles, viral hepatitis, dengue fever, and chicken pox.
- Examples of fungal diseases are candidiasis and athlete's foot.
- Protozoan diseases include malaria and African sleeping sickness.
- Examples of helminthic diseases are ascariasis and filariasis.
Two Circulatory Systems
- The body has a cardiovascular and lymphatic system.
- The cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system returns fluid to the bloodstream.
- The heart exerts positive arterial pressure, causing fluid loss from the bloodstream into interstitial spaces.
- Interstitial fluid, three times the volume of circulating blood, is returned to the bloodstream via lymphatic circulation.
- Lymph nodes are critical for immune system functions, including B cell antibody production and T cell activation. These functions occur within the lymph nodes.
Cells of the Immune System
- All blood cells, except platelets and red blood cells, are leukocytes.
- All blood cells are created through hematopoeisis.
- Different blood cells have specific functions in combating disease.
- They are created from hematopoietic stem cells (in the bone marrow).
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) circulate between blood and lymph.
- The lymphatic system is crucial for lymphocyte maturation and filtering.
Monocytes
- Monocytes circulate in the blood for about 8 hours and then migrate into tissues to become tissue-specific macrophages.
- Macrophages engulf pathogens to begin tissue injury repair and immune responses.
- Macrophage differentiation increases phagocytic ability and cell size.
- Macrophages develop during embryogenesis, are long-lived, and self-renew.
- They are the first line of defense against pathogens through phagocytosis and secretion of pathogen-neutralizing signals to recruit other immune cells.
Macrophages
- Macrophages have many receptors on their surface for recognizing patterns on pathogens (PAMPs).
- They present antigen to Helper T cells using MHC II molecules (i.e, phagocytose and break down pathogens, presenting fragments on the cells surface using MHC II molecules, to alert other immune components of the presence of a pathogen).
- Macrophages play a crucial role in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
- Macrophages are the first line of defense against pathogens.
- Macrophages are important in phagocytosis.
- Macrophages activate the signal transduction pathway resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines to other cells.
Neutrophils
- Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes in the blood.
- They are professional phagocytes, killing pathogens, but they do not present antigens.
- Neutrophils have intracellular and extracellular killing mechanisms.
- The extracellular mechanisms utilize NETs, fibers composed of DNA.
- They can migrate to the site of tissue injury through chemical signals created by macrophages and other cells.
Eosinophils
- Eosinophils are present in small numbers in the bloodstream and are primarily found in tissues.
- They release granules and free radicals that kill microorganisms and parasites.
Basophils and Mast Cells
- Basophils and mast cells are present in low numbers in circulation.
- Upon activation, they release substances like histamine and interleukins, which can cause problems during allergic reactions.
- Mast cells differentiate to enter tissues and secrete substances with histamine and other pharmacologically active substances.
Dendritic Cells
- Dendritic cells have long membrane extensions that resemble nerve cell dendrites.
- They are located under most surface epithelia and in tissues like the heart and kidneys.
- They remain in these tissues for a varying time.
- Dendritic cells engulf pathogens to trigger immune responses.
- When they have engulfed pathogens, they are induced to migrate to lymph nodes to activate T cells.
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
- NK cells are large lymphocytes circulating in the blood.
- They possess cytotoxic granules for killing virus-infected cells.
- NK cells can also release cytokines affecting other cells.
- NK cells frequently are the first line of defense against viruses.
Lymphocytes (T Cells and B Cells)
- Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) are crucial cells of the adaptive immune system.
- T cells and B cells have specific receptors for recognizing pathogens.
- T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize pathogens bonded to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins.
- B cells have antigen receptors (BCRs) in the form of antibodies.
- When activated, lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells.
- Encounter with antigens stimulates lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation.
B Cells
- B cells are lymphocytes that produce antibodies to bind to foreign antigens.
- B cells have receptors (BCR), related to antibodies, that bind and phagocytose antigens that are specific for them.
- When activated, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies to deactivate the pathogen.
T Cells
- T cells have receptors (TCR) for recognizing antigens presented by MHC molecules on the surfaces of infected cells and antigen-presenting cells.
- T cells play crucial roles in killing virus-infected cells, activating macrophages, and assisting B cells in antibody production.
- Specific types of T cells can be differentiated based on which cell surface molecules they express (CD4 or CD8). These molecules play a role in how T cells function.
Antigen Presentation
- Cells present antigens for other cells to recognize and initiate immune responses and other immune cell functions.
- Antigen presentation is the process whereby cells phagocytose foreign particles, fragment them inside vesicles, and present pieces of the pathogen to other types of cells.
Tissues and Organs
- Primary and secondary lymphoid tissues are significant for immune system function.
- Primary lymphoid tissues, such as bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes develop.
- Secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and others, are where mature lymphocytes encounter and respond to antigens.
- Lymph nodes are a key example of secondary lymphoid tissue.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of the immune response in vertebrates, focusing on innate and adaptive immunity. This quiz will cover the roles of immune cells, their mechanisms, and the importance of specific and nonspecific defenses against pathogens. Test your knowledge on common human diseases related to the immune system.
