Immune Response in Animals

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about porcine circoviruses is true?

They cause reproductive disorders solely in female pigs.

They are present worldwide. (correct)

They cannot cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in pigs.

Porcine circoviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse.

What is a recognized method for preventing swine circovirus disease?

Antibiotics should be administered.

Natural remedies are the best approach.

Inactivated vaccines are available. (correct)

General hygienic measures only.

How long can swine circovirus be shed in excretions after recovery?

It cannot be shed at all.

For several weeks.

For several months. (correct)

For several days only.

Which of the following clinical signs is NOT associated with Swine circovirus?

Immediate loss of eyesight. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of PCV2 infection in pigs?

Retarded growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a predisposing factor for Porcine Circovirus associated disease?

Weather conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate incubation period for diseases caused by Porcine circoviruses?

2-4 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

Porcine circovirus-2 typically causes clinical signs mainly after which growth stage?

After weaning. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do maternal antibodies have on the efficacy of vaccinations?

They decrease the efficacy of vaccinations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the concentration of immune globulins in colostrum after birth?

It decreases sharply after birth. Signup and view all the answers

What principle allows for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals?

DIVA principle Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines can contain inactivated bacterial toxins?

Inactivated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunoglobulins are transferred to newborn animals through colostrum?

Maternal antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding adjuvants in vaccines is true?

They increase the efficacy of vaccines. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate about deletion vaccines?

They have certain parts of the genome missing. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the efficacy of vaccination?

The health state of the vaccinated animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which methods can be used for the eradication of diseases in livestock?

Testing and selective breeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary step when implementing the generation shift method of eradication?

Separating newborn animals from their mothers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the selection method of eradication is accurate?

Infected animals are removed from the herd Signup and view all the answers

When is the test and slaughter method most effectively applied?

In cases of low level of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the herd replacement method?

The herd is replaced with infection-free animals Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the embryo transfer method is incorrect concerning eradication?

It can be used as an eradication technique Signup and view all the answers

Which method requires early weaning to be effective?

Generation shift Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the immune response in newborn animals is correct?

Newborn animals exhibit local immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception regarding the use of vaccination in the selection method?

Vaccination is not allowed when using the selection method Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the susceptibility of animals to diseases?

The age of the animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding species specific resistance?

It ensures that some agents cannot infect certain hosts. Signup and view all the answers

What role does gastric juice play in host immunity?

It protects the host from infections. Signup and view all the answers

How does overcrowding affect infectious diseases?

It can facilitate the spread of several infectious diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the immune response of fetuses?

Fetuses do not have any immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of mycotoxins on the immune system?

They can suppress the immune system’s activity. Signup and view all the answers

In the case of localized infections, where do the lesions typically appear?

At the site of pathogen entry. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the prevention of Marek’s disease?

Vaccination of day-old chickens must be used for prevention. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of duck viral enteritis?

Conjunctivitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the virulence of Marek’s disease viruses?

Highly virulent strains may overcome vaccine-induced protection. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception exists regarding the impact of duck plaque on domestic versus wild ducks?

Duck plaque is more severe in wild birds than in domestic ducks. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about the duck plague virus?

It damages blood vessel endothelium. Signup and view all the answers

Why is treatment not considered the most effective control method for duck viral enteritis?

Prevention through general health management is more effective. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding duck viral enteritis and duck plague?

Clinical cases are often seen in affected flocks. Signup and view all the answers

How does the duck plague virus affect ducks after recovery?

It can still be shed throughout their lives. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune Response

Newborn animals have a local immune response.
Fetuses do not have an active immune response.
Skin, mucous membranes, and mucus are part of the non-specific resistance system of the host.
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals.
The age of the animals can influence their susceptibility to a certain agent.
Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts.
Species-specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts.
Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents.
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response.
Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases.
Gastric juice can protect the host from infections.

Factors Affecting Infectious Disease - Environment

Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents.
Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases.
Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment.
Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system.
Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases.
Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases.

Course of Infectious Diseases

Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes.
The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth.
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination.
The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth.
Maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines.
Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum.
Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum.
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents the transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus.
Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection.

Active Immunisation

Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains.
Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines.
The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination.
Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins.
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines.
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines.
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines.
In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated.
Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components.
The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the newborn animals.
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines.
According to the DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated.
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents.
Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains.
Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines.
Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence.
Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents.

Eradication of Infectious Diseases

Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of a low level of infection.
When eradication is made with the selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd.
Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication.
Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds.
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift.
Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease.
Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease.
Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals.
In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated.
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected.
The selection method cannot be combined with vaccination.
Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection.
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment.
In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals.
In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals.
In the case of the selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd.
If eradication is made by the selection method, vaccination is forbidden.
Early weaning is necessary if the generation shift method of eradication is used.
Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine.
Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease.
In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated.
In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated.
In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used.
Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore.
Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore.

Porcine Circovirus

Porcine circoviruses are responsible for a variety of clinical conditions.
Porcine circoviruses are present worldwide.
Porcine circovirus can be transmitted by mice and rats.
Porcine circoviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in pigs.
Porcine circoviruses are genetically and antigenically uniform.
Porcine circoviruses may cause a variety of diseases.
For prevention of Swine circovirus disease only general hygienic measures can be used.
Swine circovirus can cause retarded growth and strong immunosuppression.
Swine circovirus caused disease occurs worldwide, it is frequent.
For prevention of swine circovirus disease, inactivated vaccine is available.
Swine circovirus causes only respiratory signs
Swine circovirus may be shed in excretions for several months after recovery.
For prevention of Porcine circovirus disease vaccines are available.
The incubation period of Porcine circovirus caused disease is about 2-4 weeks.
Incubation period of porcine circovirus disease is short, some days.
Porcine circovirus-2 causes clinical signs mainly after weaning.
Predisposing factors for Porcine Circovirus associated disease can be: Vaccines.The virus variant.Virus strain.
PCV2 can cause: Enteric disorders.Disorders in the nervous system.Respiratory disease.Reproductions disorders.
Porcine circovirus-1 may damage the foetus.
Porcine circoviruses can be responsible for reproductive disorders.
Porcine circoviruses replicate in the heart of the foetus.
Porcine circovirus may cause inapparent infections.
Circovirus can be responsible for the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex.
Reproductive disorders caused by Porcine circoviruses are only significant in North America.
Circovirus cause skin lesions in swine.

PMWS

A clinical sign of PMWS can be a progressive weight loss.

Marek's Disease

We can differentiate Marek’s disease from reticuloendotheliosis only by lab diagnostics methods.
General preventative measures and vaccination of day-old chickens must be used for the prevention of Marek’s disease.
Live attenuated strains are used for vaccination against Marek's disease.
The highly virulent strains of Marek’s disease may cause tumors in turkeys.
Marek’s disease viruses are uniform in their virulence.
Highly virulent Marek’s disease viruses may break through vaccine-induced protection.

Duck Viral Enteritis/ Duck Plaque

Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of duck viral enteritis.
Only sporadic clinical cases of duck viral enteritis are seen in an affected flock.
Mallards may transmit the duck enteritis virus to domestic ducks kept on lakes.
Liver dystrophy is a frequent lesion of duck viral enteritis (duck plaque).
Wild ducks may be persistently infected with duck plaque (duck enteritis) virus.
Duck plaque virus may be shed lifelong by animals recovered from the disease.
Duck plaque (viral enteritis) can’t cause high mortality without secondary bacterial infection.
Duck plaque and duck viral enteritis are two names of the same disease.
Duck viral enteritis is seldom fatal.
Treatment is the most effective control method for duck viral enteritis.
Duck plague is more severe in wild birds than in domestic ducks.
Duck plague virus damages blood vessel endothelium.
Duck plague only affects young ducklings.
Duck plague is only seen in day-old ducklings.
Duck viral enteritis is usually mild, osmotic diarrhoea.
Duck plague infects exclusively domestic and wild ducks.
Antibiotic treatment is the most effective control method for Duck Viral Enteritis.
Beak deformity is a typical sign of Duck Plague.
Muscovy duck are resistant to the Duck Viral Enteritis.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of how immune responses function in newborn and adult animals. This quiz covers various factors influencing immunity, including environmental effects, nutrition, and species-specific resistance. Test your knowledge on the immune system's role in protecting against diseases.