Immune Response in Animals

Immune Response

• Newborn animals have a local immune response.
• Fetuses do not have an active immune response.
• Skin, mucous membranes, and mucus are part of the non-specific resistance system of the host.
• The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals.
• The age of the animals can influence their susceptibility to a certain agent.
• Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts.
• Species-specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts.
• Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents.
• Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response.
• Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases.
• Gastric juice can protect the host from infections.

Factors Affecting Infectious Disease - Environment

• Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents.
• Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases.
• Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment.
• Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system.
• Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases.
• Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases.

Course of Infectious Diseases

• Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes.
• The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth.
• Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination.
• The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth.
• Maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines.
• Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum.
• Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum.
• The endotheliochorial placenta prevents the transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus.
• Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection.

Active Immunisation

• Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains.
• Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines.
• The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination.
• Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins.
• Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines.
• Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines.
• Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines.
• In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated.
• Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components.
• The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the newborn animals.
• DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines.
• According to the DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated.
• Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents.
• Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains.
• Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines.
• Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence.
• Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents.

Eradication of Infectious Diseases

• Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of a low level of infection.
• When eradication is made with the selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd.
• Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication.
• Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds.
• Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
• Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift.
• Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease.
• Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease.
• Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals.
• In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated.
• Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected.
• The selection method cannot be combined with vaccination.
• Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection.
• There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment.
• In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals.
• In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals.
• In the case of the selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd.
• If eradication is made by the selection method, vaccination is forbidden.
• Early weaning is necessary if the generation shift method of eradication is used.
• Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine.
• Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease.
• In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated.
• In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated.
• In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used.
• Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore.
• Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore.

Porcine Circovirus

• Porcine circoviruses are responsible for a variety of clinical conditions.
• Porcine circoviruses are present worldwide.
• Porcine circovirus can be transmitted by mice and rats.
• Porcine circoviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in pigs.
• Porcine circoviruses are genetically and antigenically uniform.
• Porcine circoviruses may cause a variety of diseases.
• For prevention of Swine circovirus disease only general hygienic measures can be used.
• Swine circovirus can cause retarded growth and strong immunosuppression.
• Swine circovirus caused disease occurs worldwide, it is frequent.
• For prevention of swine circovirus disease, inactivated vaccine is available.
• Swine circovirus causes only respiratory signs
• Swine circovirus may be shed in excretions for several months after recovery.
• For prevention of Porcine circovirus disease vaccines are available.
• The incubation period of Porcine circovirus caused disease is about 2-4 weeks.
• Incubation period of porcine circovirus disease is short, some days.
• Porcine circovirus-2 causes clinical signs mainly after weaning.
• Predisposing factors for Porcine Circovirus associated disease can be: Vaccines.The virus variant.Virus strain.
• PCV2 can cause: Enteric disorders.Disorders in the nervous system.Respiratory disease.Reproductions disorders.
• Porcine circovirus-1 may damage the foetus.
• Porcine circoviruses can be responsible for reproductive disorders.
• Porcine circoviruses replicate in the heart of the foetus.
• Porcine circovirus may cause inapparent infections.
• Circovirus can be responsible for the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex.
• Reproductive disorders caused by Porcine circoviruses are only significant in North America.
• Circovirus cause skin lesions in swine.

PMWS

• A clinical sign of PMWS can be a progressive weight loss.

Marek's Disease

• We can differentiate Marek’s disease from reticuloendotheliosis only by lab diagnostics methods.
• General preventative measures and vaccination of day-old chickens must be used for the prevention of Marek’s disease.
• Live attenuated strains are used for vaccination against Marek's disease.
• The highly virulent strains of Marek’s disease may cause tumors in turkeys.
• Marek’s disease viruses are uniform in their virulence.
• Highly virulent Marek’s disease viruses may break through vaccine-induced protection.

Duck Viral Enteritis/ Duck Plaque

• Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of duck viral enteritis.
• Only sporadic clinical cases of duck viral enteritis are seen in an affected flock.
• Mallards may transmit the duck enteritis virus to domestic ducks kept on lakes.
• Liver dystrophy is a frequent lesion of duck viral enteritis (duck plaque).
• Wild ducks may be persistently infected with duck plaque (duck enteritis) virus.
• Duck plaque virus may be shed lifelong by animals recovered from the disease.
• Duck plaque (viral enteritis) can’t cause high mortality without secondary bacterial infection.
• Duck plaque and duck viral enteritis are two names of the same disease.
• Duck viral enteritis is seldom fatal.
• Treatment is the most effective control method for duck viral enteritis.
• Duck plague is more severe in wild birds than in domestic ducks.
• Duck plague virus damages blood vessel endothelium.
• Duck plague only affects young ducklings.
• Duck plague is only seen in day-old ducklings.
• Duck viral enteritis is usually mild, osmotic diarrhoea.
• Duck plague infects exclusively domestic and wild ducks.
• Antibiotic treatment is the most effective control method for Duck Viral Enteritis.
• Beak deformity is a typical sign of Duck Plague.
• Muscovy duck are resistant to the Duck Viral Enteritis.

Explore the intricacies of how immune responses function in newborn and adult animals. This quiz covers various factors influencing immunity, including environmental effects, nutrition, and species-specific resistance. Test your knowledge on the immune system's role in protecting against diseases.