Epidemiology Final 2021 Past Paper PDF

EPIDEMIOLOGY FINAL 2021 GENERAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Sources of Infectious Diseases 1) Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections. T 2) Arthropod borne infections are direct infections F 3) Arthopod born infections are indirect infections T 4) Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections. T 5) Venereal infections is a direct infection T 6) In the case of iatrogenic infections the infective agents are transmitted by the veterinarian T 7) Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic F 8) In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the host T 9) In the case of aerogenic infection the agents are transmitted with air. T 10) Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection. F 11) In the case of aerogenic infection the agent is transmitted by the air. T 12) Infective agents cannot survive in the soil, so soil cannot be a source of infection. F 13) In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans. T 14) Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water. F 15) If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal. F 16) The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal. T 17) The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates the pathogen. T 18) The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance. F 19) Infection cannot happen through water since bacteria and viruses are inactivated in water. F 20) Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills agents. F Transmission of Infections 1) Some infective agents are transmitted with eggs. T 2) Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than in mammals. T 3) Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals F 4) Germinative infection is seen in mammals T 5) Mammals can infect their offspring through milk T 6) New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies. F 7) Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during pregnancy from the dam T 8) Vertical infection does not occur in mammals F 9) Horizontally infections happen only in birds F 10) Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the foetuses. F SIOBHAN CONDRON 11) Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the antibodies in the colostrum prevent it. F 12) In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect each other. T 13) Intra uterine infection can occur in pregnant animals. T 14) Germinative infection can happen in birds. T 15) Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections. F 16) If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection. F 17) Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals. F 18) In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk. T 19) In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the same age. T 20) Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals. F 21) Vertical infection does not occur in mammals. F 22) Germinative infection does not occur in mammals. F 23) Galactogen infection does not occur in mammals F 24) In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy.F 25) Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection. F 26) In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk. F Zoonosis 1) Zoonotic agents can cause disease in animals and humans T 2) In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections F 3) If agents are passed from animals to humans, we speak about zoonosis. T 4) If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses. F 5) Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission. T 6) In the case of zoonotic diseases animals and humans can infect each other. T 7) In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source. T Ways of Entry 1) In case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen. T 2) In case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal. F 3) In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously. F 4) In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus. F Factors affecting infectious disease- Agent 1) Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors. T 2) Stenoxen agents have a wide host range. F 3) Euryxen agents have a wide host range T 4) An euryxen agent can infect several host species T 5) There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host F 6) Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence. T 7) Immunogenicity of the different agents is different T 8) There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals T 9) A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection T 10) Virulence of an agent can be characterized with its LD50 value T 11) Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease. T 12) Virulence means the level of pathogenicity. T 13) The amount of the agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can replicate in the host. F 14) In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease. T 15) The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors. T 16) Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent. F 17) The way of the infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome. T 18) Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously. T 19) In case of a secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection. T 20) Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed. T 21) The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease. T 22) Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species. T 23) Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species. T 24) Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents. F 25) Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur. F Factors affecting infectious disease- Host 1) Foetuses can have active immune response. T 2) Newborn animals have local immune response T 3) Foetuses do not have immune reactions F 4) Fetuses have no active immune response F 5) The skin, mucous membranes and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance system of the host T 6) The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it F 7) Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals F 8) The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent F 9) Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age. T 10) Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts T 11) Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts T 12) Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant host species. T 13) Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have species specific resistance. T 14) Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents. T 15) Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response T 16) Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases. T 17) Gastric juice can protect the host from infections. T 18) From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen. F 19) There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth. F Factors affecting Infectious disease- Environment 1) Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents. T 2) Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases T 3) Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment T 4) Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system T 5) Certain mycotoxins have immune suppressive effect T 6) Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases. T SIOBHAN CONDRON 7) Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases. T Course of Infectious Diseases 1) Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes. T 2) The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections. T 3) In the case of a local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place T 4) Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases. T 5) Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases T 6) Intra uterine infection can result embryonic death in the case of some diseases T 7) Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus F 8) Fetuses cannot be infested since the placenta completely isolates them. F 9) The incubation time is the time between the appearance of the clinical signs and death of the animal F 10) The incubation time is the time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs. T 11) The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs. T 12) Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect T 13) Some infective agents can cause malformation of fetuses. T 14) Subacute diseases last one or 2 days. F 15) Intra uterine infections does not occur in mammals since the agents cannot penetrate the placenta. F 16) In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry. T 17) In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood. T 18) In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus. F 19) Some agents can spread along the nerves. T Outcome of Viral Diseases 1) The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts F 2) Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs F 3) In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed F 4) Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host T 5) In the case of latent infections, the agents are continually shed F 6) In latent infection, there is no virus shedding. T 7) Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections F 8) The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it. F 9) Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction. F 10) Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections T 11) Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections F 12) The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections. F 13) Dead end hosts do not shed the agent. T 14) Asymptomatic infections can become manifest T 15) Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection T 16) When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished F 17) In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen F 18) In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen F 19) Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent T 20) Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents. F 21) In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen T 22) Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria. F 23) In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen. T 24) Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations. F 25) In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts. F 26) In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent. T 27) Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology.F 28) Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology.T 29) During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive. F 30) In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen. F 31) Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest. F 32) Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from an infectious disease. F Statistical Evaluation 1) Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd. T 2) Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die. F 3) Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd F 4) Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones. T 5) Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd. F 6) Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the herd. F 7) Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseases ones. F 8) Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease. T Extension of Infectious diseases 1) Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents T 2) Pandemic diseases are spreading fast around the Earth. T 3) Pandemic disease occurs in large areas, continents. T 4) Endemic diseases occur in a small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village. T 5) Epidemic diseases are fast spreading; they are fast transmitted between continents F 6) Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread. F 7) Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries. T 8) Contagious diseases are spreading from one animal to the other. T 9) Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock. F Diagnosis 1) Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents. F 2) Genome of agents is detected with PCR T 3) Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR F 4) Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELIZA or PCR F 5) Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests F 6) Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus F 7) Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies T SIOBHAN CONDRON 8) MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis T 9) MATSA is a form of disease F 10) Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore F 11) If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent. F 12) The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests. T 13) Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent. T 14) Using virus neutralization test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent. T 15) Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent. F 16) Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis. T 17) Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis. T 18) Microscopic examination of samples is not used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases any more. F Treatment 1) Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases. F 2) Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases. T 3) Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases T 4) No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases F 5) Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU. F 6) Antibiotics can be used for the aetiological treatment in case of bacterial disease T 7) All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment F 8) Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications T 9) Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary infections T 10) Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by bacteria. T 11) Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of antibiotic resistance. F 12) Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited. T 13) Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals. T 14) In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given. F 15) Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs. F 16) Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance. F 17) There is no anti-viral therapy. F 18) Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases. T 19) Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable. T General Epidemiological rules 1) In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections T 2) In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs F 3) Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine T 4) Eggs of different species can be hatched together; they cannot infect each other thanks to the different hatching time. F 5) All-in-all-out is an important principle in prevention of infectious diseases. T 6) Isolation of age groups is an important way of prevention of infectious diseases. T 7) ”All-in-all-out” principle is a general epidemiological rule. T 8) Isolated keeping of different animal species can prevent the spreading of infectious diseases. T 9) Isolated keeping of different age groups of the same species cannot prevent spreading of infectious diseases since all animals of the same species are susceptible to the same agents. F 10) Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk Immunity. F Passive immunisation 1) The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing T 2) Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response. T 3) There is no maternal protection in birds. F 4) Maternal protection occurs only in mammals. F 5) Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with epitheliochorial placenta. T 6) The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days. T 7) The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks T 8) Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta F 9) Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum T 10) Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum T 11) The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam T 12) The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving F 13) Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing F 14) Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through the placenta F 15) Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves. T 16) The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth. F 17) Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth F 18) Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization. T 19) New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies. F 20) The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes. T 21) The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth. F 22) The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after giving birth. F 23) The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth. T 24) Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination. T 25) The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth. T 26) The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth. F 27) The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines. T 28) Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum. T 29) Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum. T SIOBHAN CONDRON 30) The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus F 31) Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection. F Active Immunisation 1) Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains. T 2) Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines T 3) The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination T 4) Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines F 5) Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins T 6) The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination F 7) Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines. T 8) Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines. T 9) Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines. F 10) In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated T 11) Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components T 12) The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born animals F 13) DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines F 14) According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated. T 15) Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents T 16) Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains T 17) Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines T 18) For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used F 19) Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence. T 20) Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents. F 21) Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains. T 22) Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones. F 23) Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more. F 24) Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more. F 25) Live vaccines do not provide good immunity. F 26) Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination. F 27) It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU. F 28) Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents. T 29) The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals. T 30) If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated. T 31) Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated. T 32) Use of marker vaccines can be combined with "test and remove" eradication. T 33) Marker vaccines are marked with dyes.F 34) The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low. F 35) Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive. T 36) Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response. T 37) Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore.F 38) The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine. F Control and Eradication 1) Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays F 2) Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used T 3) Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd F 4) Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry F 5) Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication F 6) Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication T 7) Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds. F 8) In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure. F 9) Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination. T 10) In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the age of 1-3 days. T 11) Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection T 12) When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd T 13) Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication T 14) Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds T 15) Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method F 16) Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift T 17) Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease F 18) Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease. T 19) Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals. T 20) In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated. T 21) Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected. F 22) The selection method cannot be combined vaccination. F 23) Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection. T 24) There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment. T 25) In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals. T 26) In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals. T 27) In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd. T 28) If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden.F 29) Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used. T 30) Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine. F 31) Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease. T 32) In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated. T 33) In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated. F 34) In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used. F 35) Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore. F 36) Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore. F SIOBHAN CONDRON VIROLOGY PARVOVIRUS In General 1) There is no neutralizing epitope of parvoviruses. F 2) The reproduction of the parvovirus is continuous in the dividing cells. T 3) Parvoviruses are good antigens T 4) Bocaviruses may cause mild respiratory or enteric diseases in newborn animals. T 5) Parvoviruses can be cultured in homologous, young dividing cell cultures. T 6) The resistance of Parvovirus is high, in the environment they remain infectious for several months. T 7) Parvoviruses multiplicate only in rapidly dividing cells. T SMEDI 1) SMEDI is caused by goose circovirus. F 2) SMEDI is caused by porcine circovirus F 3) If 75-day-old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus myoclonia congenital is a clinical sign. T 4) If 75-day-old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus respiratory clinical signs can be seen in the piglets. F 5) The embryo can be infected with porcine parvovirus 1. T 6) Parvovirus rarely causes SMEDI in endemic farms. T 7) Swine parvovirus can cause foetal damages only if the infection takes place during the pregnancy. T 8) Swine parvovirus occurs worldwide, most herds are seropositive. T 9) If 100-day-old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus, respiratory clinical signs can be seen. F 10) If 100-day-old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus, weak piglets can be seen. T 11) If 100-day-old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus, myoclonia congenital is a clinical sign T 12) If 100-day-old swine fetuses are infected with parvovirus, dermatitis is a clinical sign F 13) SMEDI is caused by porcine parvovirus T 14) If 15 day old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus myoclonia congenital is a clinical sign F 15) If 100-day-old swine fetuses are infected with parvovirus, respiratory clinical signs can be seen F 16) If 75 day old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus abortion can be seen F 17) If 15 day old swine foetuses are infected with parvovirus mummification can be seen F 18) The porcine parvovirus 1 causes renal disorders in adults F 19) Porcine parvovirus (PPV 1) vaccinations start at or after 6 months of age T 20) PPV 1 is transmitted through the fecal-oral route T 21) PPV 1 is endemic in most pig herds T 22) Porcine parvovirus 4 is usually involved in reproductive disorders T? 23) Swine parvovirus is shed in the faeces for some weeks after contracting the infection T 24) The maternal immunity against porcine parvovirus lats for a very long time T 25) PCR is used for the detection of antibodies against porcine parvovirus 1 F 26) Porcine SMEDI can only be induced by parvoviruses. F 27) PPV-1 induces diarrhoea in suckling piglets. F 28) Neurological disorders are frequent in Porcine parvovirus infections. F 29) The primary site of Porcine parvovirus (PPV-1) replication is in the small intestine. T 30) Swine parvovirus usually causes foetal damages in first pregnant gilts. T 31) Swine parvovirus maternal antibodies can exist up to 6 to 12 months of age. F 32) The maternal immunity against porcine parvovirus lasts for very long time. T 33) Porcine parvovirus can cause neurological signs in sows. F 34) Porcine parvovirus frequently causes diarrhoea in piglets. F 35) For prevention of Porcine parvovirus caused fetal damages, live vaccines are available. T 36) Piglets of sows seroconverted by PPV-1 are maternally protected for months. T 37) Porcine parvoviruses are genetically uniform. F 38) Porcine parvovirus (PPV-1) infection of seronegative pregnant animals can damage the foetus. T 39) PPV-1 vaccination must be started at 4-6 weeks of age. F Canine Enteritis 1) Vaccination against canine parvovirus 2 is independent from maternal antibodies F 2) Vaccination against canine parvovirus 2 depends on maternal antibodies T 3) The parvovirus enteritis of dogs is caused by canine parvovirus 1 F 4) The parvovirus enteritis of dogs is caused by canine parvovirus 2 T 5) The parvoviral enteritis of dogs is type 3 hypersensitivity F 6) Maternal antibodies against canine parvovirus can protect puppies for 8 weeks T 7) Maternal antibodies against canine parvovirus can protect dogs for about 2 years F 8) The replication of canine parvovirus 2 is in the crypt cells of large intestine F 9) The replication of canine parvovirus 2 is in the crypt cells of small intestine T 10) Maternal antibodies of dogs protect not longer than 2 weeks in the case of parvoviral enteritis of dogs F 11) Canine parvoviruses do not infect cats F 12) Canine parvovirus attack lymphoid cells T 13) Canine parvovirus is shed with the feces. T 14) Canine parvovirus can replicate in the myocardium of young pups T 15) Older dogs are usually sero-positve for Canine Parvo virus. T 16) Canine parvoviruses are shed in high concentrations with the faeces. T 17) Subtypes of Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) cause panleukopenia in cats. T 18) Canine herpesvirus infection can cause abortion. T 19) Dog parvovirus caused enteritis most frequently affects young dogs, less than one year old. T 20) For prevention of Canine parvovirus enteritis, live attenuated virus vaccines are used. T 21) Dog parvovirus can cause myocarditis in young puppies.T 22) Dog parvovirus enteritis is nowadays very rare. F 23) Dog parvovirus can be detected directly from Faeces. T 24) Dog parvovirus can be detected directly from Sera, Saliva. Foetus. F 25) Canine parvovirus infection of susceptible dogs results in high mortality. T 26) Older dogs are usually seropositive for Canine parvovirus (CPV2) subtypes. T 27) Leukopenia is characteristic for successful CPV-2 infections. T SIOBHAN CONDRON 28) Canine parvovirus diseases are similar to that caused by Pantropic coronaviruses. T 29) Maternal antibodies usually protect for 2-3 weeks against Canine parvovirus disease. F 30) Canine parvoviruses form a single antigenic group. F Feline Panleukopenia/ Infectious Gastroenteritis 1) Maternal antibodies against cat parvovirus protect only till 2 weeks age. F 2) Maternal antibodies against cat parvovirus can protect till 4 months age T 3) Feline panleukopenia infection can cause fever T 4) Feline panleukopenia may be caused by canine parvovirus T 5) Feline panleukopenia is present worldwide T 6) Hyperimmune serum can be used for the treatment of feline panleukopenia F 7) Feline panleukopenia virus infection of dogs may cause acute diarrhea F 8) Feline panleukopenia viruses may infect dogs F 9) The incubation period of Cat panleukopenia is short, usually 3 to 5 days. T 10) Cat panleukopenia virus can infect only cats. F 11) Cat panleukopenia virus causes disease only in cats.F 12) To cat panleukopenia virus only cats are susceptible. F 13) Cat panleukopenia virus can cause abortion in pregnant cats. T 14) Cat panleukopenia virus can cause disease also in Mustelidae species. T 15) Vaccinations against Feline panleukopenia usually start at or after 2 months of age. T 16) Europe is free of Feline panleukopenia. F Mink Parvo Enteritis 1) The mink enteritis is a type 2 hypersensitivity F 2) Mink parvovirus enteritis is characterized by fever and high mortality. T 3) For prevention of Parvovirus Mink Enteritis, live attenuated vaccines are available. T 4) Mink parvovirus enteritis appears as bloody diarrhoea. T Aleutian Mink Disease 1) Aleutian mink disease and mink enteritis are caused by the same virus. F 2) Aleutian mink disease is caused by protoparvovirus, like cat parvovirus F 3) Aleutian mink disease virus causes enteritis. F 4) Vaccines are available against Aleutian mink disease. F 5) Vaccines are used to prevent Aleutian Mink Disease F 6) Aleutian mink disease is caused by cat parvovirus F 7) Aleutian mink disease is a type III hypersensitivity T 8) Aleutian mink disease is a type IV hypersensitivity F 9) Aleutian mink disease is a type I hypersensitivity F 10) Aleutian disease is a parvovirus caused immunocomplex disease of minks. T 11) Attenuated vaccines can be used against Aleutian mink disease F 12) Inactivated vaccines are used against Aleutian mink disease F 13) Live vaccines are used against Aleutian Mink Disease. F 14) Aleutian mink disease can induce interstitial pneumonia in young animals T 15) Aleutian mink disease virus induces enteritis in older minks F? 16) Aleutian mink disease virus can infect ferrets. T 17) Ferrets can also be infected by the Aleutian Mink Disease virus. T 18) The Aleutian Mink Disease is usually acute. F 19) Aleutian Mink Disease occurs only in the US. F 20) Aleutian Mink Disease is due to formation of immunocomplexes. T 21) Enteritis is a clinical sign of Aleutian Mink Disease. F Derzsy Disease. 1) The Derzsy's disease virus causes pneumonia. F 2) The Derzsy's disease virus can infect ducks. F 3) Ascites can be a clinical sign of Derzskys disease T 4) Derszys disease is caused by a polyomavirus F 5) The Derzsy's disease virus causes conjunctivitis F 6) The Derzsy's disease virus causes tiger stripes on the heart T 7) Typical clinical signs of the Derzsy’s disease are results of infection below 5 weeks of age T 8) Infection below 5 weeks of age results in severe clinical signs of the Derzsy’s disease T 9) The primary site of replication of Derzsy’s disease virus is the gut T 10) The Derzsy’s disease virus may induce diarrhea in growing geese. T 11) Derzsy s disease virus can cross into the egg. T 12) Derzsy s disease may occur both in geese and Muscovy chucks. T 13) Goose parvovirus can spread both horizontally and vertically T 14) For prevention of goose parvovirus disease, both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are used. T 15) For prevention of Derzsy's disease both live and inactivated vaccines are used. T 16) Derzsy's disease appears clinically most frequently in geese aged from one to four weeks. T 17) Derzsy s disease virus causes enteritis in growing geese. T 18) Derzsy s disease virus does not infect the egg. F 19) The Derzsy's disease virus can infect ducks. F Duck Parvo virus 1) The duck parvovirus can infect goose. T CIRCOVIRUSES In General 1) The reproduction of the circovirus continuous in the dividing cells. T 2) The circovirus is too small so it’s a bad antigen F 3) The circovirus is a good antigen T 4) Circovirus infections are immune suppressive T 5) Circovirus can easily be cultured in different homologous cell lines. F 6) Circoviruses can be cultured easily in many cell lines. F 7) Resistance of circovirus is very low, in the environment they are inactivated within a day. F 8) The resistance of Circoviruses is high, they remain infectious in the environment for several months. T 9) Causes generalized lymphoid depletion. T 10) Only causes the depletion of B-lymphocytes. F 11) Canine circoviruses are present worldwide. F SIOBHAN CONDRON 12) Circovirus are very resistant viruses T 13) The circovirus has circular RNA in its genome. F Circoviruses of Swine 1) Swine circovirus causes lesions in multiple organs and strong immunosuppression. T 2) Porcine circovirus can be transmitted by mice and rats. T 3) Porcine circovirus vaccines are available both for sows and for piglets. T 4) Detection of PCV2’s DNA is enough for the correct diagnosis. F 5) Four species of swine circovirus were described. T 6) The porcine circovirus 2 is proven to be immunosuppressive. T 7) PCV2 detection in foetal myocardium is pathognomic value. T 8) Porcine circovirus replicates in the myocardium of the foetus T 9) In pigs the porcine circovirus 2 can cause BFD. F 10) The porcine circovirus can replicate in the foetus. 11) The clinical signs, pathological and histopathological examination suggest PCV2 induced disease T 12) PCV2 can cause respiratory signs T 13) The primer replication of PCV2 is in lymphoid tissues of the throat T 14) PCV2 infection does not always cause clinical signs T 15) Porcine circovirus 2 always causes clinical signs in pigs F 16) Porcine circovirus 2 always causes clinical signs in cattle F 17) There is no efficient vaccine against PCV2 F 18) The porcine circovirus can replicate in the foetus T 19) Circovirus in pigs can be Subclinical. T 20) Porcine circoviruses are responsible for a variety of clinical conditions T 21) Porcine circoviruses cannot be responsible for reproductive disorders F 22) Porcine circoviruses are present worldwide T 23) Porcine circovirus can be transmitted by mice and rats. T 24) Porcine circoviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in pigs. T 25) Porcine circoviruses are genetically and antigenically uniform. F 26) Porcine circoviruses may cause a variety of diseases. T 27) For prevention of Swine circovirus disease only general hygienic measures can be used. F 28) Swine circovirus can cause retarded growth and strong immunosuppression. 6T 29) Swine circovirus caused disease occurs worldwide, it is frequent. T 30) For prevention of swine circovirus disease, inactivated vaccine is available. T 31) Swine circovirus causes only respiratory signs. F 32) Swine circovirus may be shed in excretions for several months after recovery. T 33) For prevention of Porcine circovirus disease vaccines are available. T 34) The incubation period of Porcine circovirus caused disease is about 2-4 weeks. T 35) Incubation period of porcine circovirus disease is short, some days. F 36) Porcine circovirus-2 causes clinical signs mainly after weaning. T 37) Predisposing factors for Porcine Circovirus associated disease can be: Vaccines. The virus variant. Virus strain T 38) Predisposing factors for Porcine Circovirus associated disease can be Food management. F 39) PCV2 can cause: Enteric disorders. Disorders in the nervous system. Respiratory disease. Reproductions disorders. T 40) Porcine circovirus-1 may damage the foetus. F 41) Porcine circoviruses cannot be responsible for reproductive disorders. F 42) Porcine circoviruses replicate in the heart of the foetus. T 43) Porcine circovirus may cause inapparent infections. T 44) Circovirus can be responsible for the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex. T 45) Reproductive disorders caused by Porcine circoviruses are only significant in North America. F 46) Circovirus cause skin lesions in swine.T PMWS 1) A clinical sign of PMWS can be a progressive weight loss. T 2) PMWS is a type 3 hypersensitivity F 3) PMWS is a type 4 hypersensitivity F 4) One of the most common pathological signs of PMWS is glomerulonephritis F 5) Typical pathological finding of PMWS is enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes T 6) Typical pathological finding of PMWS is pneumonia 7) A clinical sign of PMWS can be haemorrhages in the skin F 8) In pigs the porcine circovirus 1 can cause PMWS T PDNS 1) In pigs the porcine circovirus 2 can cause PDNS. T 2) One of the most common pathological signs of PDNS is glomerulonephritis. T 3) PDNS is an allergic disease. T 4) The appearance of PDNS is related to the good antigenicity of PCV2 T 5) PDNS is a type III hypersensitivity T 6) PDNS is a type IV hypersensitivity F 7) PDNS may develop without porcine circovirus 2 T 8) One of the most common clinical signs of PDNS is multifocal circular red skin disease T 9) Porcine dermatitis nephropathy can only be caused by circoviruses. F 10) Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome are only caused by PCV-2. F 11) PDNS disease is an immunocomplex disease T 12) PDNS is only caused by PCV-1. F 13) PDNS does not occur in Hungary. F 14) PDNS occurs primarily in the weeks following the selection/weaning. T 15) PDNS is caused by both PCV-1 and PCV-2. F 16) PDNS is not caused by PCV F 17) PDNS has been widespread in Hungary in Hungary since 1998. T 18) PDNS is a rare infection causing clinical signs only in piglets before weaning. F 19) PDNS is a frequent infection with clinical signs after weaning. T 20) Prevention of PDNS is with live attenuated vaccines. F 21) Regarding PDNS, general preventative rules and recently inactivated or vector vaccination can be used. T Avian Circoviruses 1) In pigs the porcine circovirus 2 can cause BFD. F 2) Avian circovirus causes clinical signs similar to those seen in PMWS. T 3) Avian circovirus causes clinical signs similar to those seen in PDNS. F 4) The pigeon circovirus is not an important disease because the virus causes feather and beak deformities F 5) The beak and feather diseases causes typically neurological signs F 6) In parrots porcine circovirus 2 causes the psittacine beak and feather disease F 7) The beak and feather disease can be acute problem T 8) Feather and beak deformities may appear after circovirus infection of geese and pigeons T SIOBHAN CONDRON 9) Beak and feather disease lesions are sometimes obvious only after molting. T 10) Avian circovirus infections result high morbidity and low mortality. T 11) Pigeon circoviruses are antigenically uniform. F 12) Pigeon circoviruses frequently appear in diseases together with other viruses and bacteria. T 13) Circovirus in geese and ducks can cause retarded growth and feather formation disturbances. T 14) Avian circoviruses do not cause clinical signs in domestic birds. F 15) In ducks and geese, Avian circoviruses can cause retarded growth and immunosuppression T 16) Avian circoviruses can spread via breeder eggs. T 17) Avian circoviruses do not cause disease in wild birds. F 18) Avian circoviruses are species specific. T 19) Avian circoviruses can infect many poultry species. T 20) Avian circoviruses can cause retarded growth and immunosuppression T 21) Inactivated vaccines are used against pigeon circovirus infections. F 22) Pigeon circovirus infections do not occur in Hungary, the disease is prevented by vaccination. F 23) Circoviruses can infect pigeons. T 24) Vaccines are available for Pigeon Circoviruses. F 25) Clinical signs of PBFDV (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus) are only seen at time of moulting. F Chicken Infectious Anaemia 1) The chicken infectious anaemia virus is also commonly detected in goose. F 2) Anaemia and haemorrhages are two important clinical signs of chicken anaemia. T 3) The chicken infectious anaemia is a chicken disease up to 1 month of age T 4) The chicken infectious anaemia virus causes only anaemia F 5) The chicken anaemia virus does not replicate in lymphoid progenitors F 6) There are vaccines available against chicken anaemia T 7) The chicken infectious anaemia is a disease of hens F 8) The chicken infectious anaemia causes clinical signs similar to those seen in PDNS F 9) Vertical infectious is not possible in chicken infectious anaemia F 10) Infection of day old chickens with the chicken anaemia virus leads to immune suppression T 11) Chicken anaemia virus is transmitted both horizontally and vertically. T 12) Atrophy of the thymus is a post mortem finding of Chicken Infectious Anaemia virus. T 13) Infectious Chicken anaemia virus can cause clinical signs only in layer hens. F 14) Infectious chicken anaemia virus causes clinical signs in chicken of 1 to 4 weeks of age. T 15) For prevention of infectious chicken anaemia, live attenuated vaccine is available. T 16) Infection of day-old chickens with the chicken anaemia virus leads to immune suppression. T 17) Chicken anaemia virus infection can result in high mortality of chickens over 3 weeks of age. F 18) In Chicken Infectious anaemia, most symptoms are observed in the first month. T 19) Chicken Infectious anaemia involves destruction of the lymphoid and myeloid cells. T 20) Chicken Infectious anaemia virus induces apoptosis of activated T-cells. T 21) Pigeons can be infected by Chicken Infectious anaemia virus. F 22) Chicken Infectious anaemia virus does not replicate in the thymus. F 23) Chicken Infectious anaemia in day old chickens causes a long-lasting immunosuppression. T 24) Chicken Infectious anaemia virus is a Gyrovirus. T 25) Chicken anaemia virus infection can cause death of chickens below 3 weeks of age. T PAPILLOMAVIRUSES 1) There is no vaccine available against papillomaviruses F 2) The sarcoid is caused by bovine papillomavirus T 3) In papillomavirus infection there is no viraemia T 4) Treatment of papillomavirus can be effective with autovaccine. T 5) Bovine papillomavirus can infect horse. T 6) Bovine papillomavirus is malign. F 7) The sarcoid is caused by bovine papillomavirus T 8) The sarcoid is caused by equine papillomavirus F 9) The sarcoid is the disease of cattle F 10) Papillomaviruses replicates in the kidney F 11) Bovine papillomavirus can cause metastasis in horse F 12) Papillomaviruses cause cervical cancer in dogs F 13) The sarcoid is a disease of horse T 14) Papillomaviruses need keratin for replication T 15) Papillomavirus usually cause benign proliferation in epithelial cells T 16) Papilloma lesions often have a cauliflower like appearance. T 17) Papilloma viruses usually cause local infections in epithelial cells. T 18) Papillomaviruses usually cause benign proliferations in epithelial cells. T 19) Papilloma viruses, with some exceptions are species specific. T 20) Papillomaviruses can be cultured in epithelial cell lines. F 21) Papillomaviruses cause warts in the skin and mucous membranes. T 22) There is no viraemia in papillomavirus infection. T POLYOMAVIRUSES In General plus Haemorrhagic Nephritis and Enteritis of Geese 1) Treatment of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus can be effective with vaccine against circovirus. F 2) The haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus causes necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis. T 3) The haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus causes glomerulonephritis F 4) The mortality of the haemorrhagic nephritis virus depends on age T 5) The primary replication of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus is in small intestine T 6) Tumours are caused by polyomavirus in mammals T 7) Polyomavirus never infects mammals F 8) Haemorrhagic enteritis is a polyomavirus T 9) Goose haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis cause death of goslings T 10) Goose haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis is frequent in ducks F SIOBHAN CONDRON 11) Haemotrhagic enteritis and nephritis virus can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally T 12) Haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis virus replicates in the blood vessel endothelium T 13) Haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis of geese is only prevalent in France F 14) Polyomavirus infects parrots T 15) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese is caused by herpes viruses. F 16) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese is present worldwide. T 17) Goose polyomavirus causes haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis in all age groups. F 18) Goose polyomavirus can cause haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis. T 19) Goose polyomavirus caused disease clinically appears in young animals. T 20) Polyomaviruses can cause neoplasm in rodents. T 21) The resistance of the haemorrhagic nephritis virus is high. T 22) The clinical signs of the haemorrhagic nephritis virus appear mainly at 3-10 weeks of age. T 23) HNEG” (Hemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese) is common in France. T 24) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese started in Hungary and spread with Derzsy’s disease hyperimmune serum. T 25) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese causes high mortality between 2-10 weeks. T 26) Muscovy ducks are also susceptible but remain symptomless for years with high titers. T 27) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese is caused by a Herpesvirus. F 28) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis are present worldwide. T 29) Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese may spread both horizontally and vertically. ADENOVIRUSES In general 1) Adenoviruses are resistant to detergents and lipid solvents. T 2) Adenoviruses are resistant to detergents T 3) Adenoviruses are enveloped viruses, therefore they are sensitive to detergents F 4) Adenoviruses are arboviruses. F 5) Adenoviruses are not too resistant enveloped viruses. F 6) Adenoviruses have mostly a broad host spectrum (euryxen pathogens) F 7) Adenoviruses are poor antigens F 8) There is no cross reactivity and cross protection among adenoviruses within genera F 9) There are no serological cross-reactions between different adenovirus species. F 10) Adenovirus infections always result in severe disease F 11) lntranuclear inclusion bodies are frequently seen in adenovirus-infected tissues. T 12) In immunocompromised foals equine adenoviruses may cause severe respiratory disease T 13) Several adenoviruses of domestic animals are zoonotic agents F 14) Adenoviruses usually cause central nervous diseases with high lethality. F 15) Only attenuated vaccines can be applied for immunization against adenoviruses. F 16) Crowded keeping conditions may facilitate the spread of adenoviruses in a population. T 17) Adenoviruses infect only mammalian hosts. F 18) Adenoviruses usually cause central nervous diseases with high lethality. F 19) The hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome can be caused by siadenoviruses F 19) Only attenuated vaccines can be applied for immunization against adenoviruses. F 20) Adenoviruses are zoonotic agents. F 21) Serological cross-reactions may be seen between adenoviruses within the same genus. T 22) Adenoviruses are good antigens. T 23) Adenovirus may cause subclinical infections T 24) Equine adenovirus causes haemorrhagic enteritis in foals. T 25) Mastadenoviruses infect only mammalian species. T Pneumoenteritis of Ruminants 1) Adenoviruses can cause interstitial pneumonia in calves and lambs T 2) Adenoviruses can cause pneumoenteritis in calves and lambs T 3) Bovine adenoviruses may damage kidney tubular cells. T 4) Adenoviral pneumoenteritis is frequently followed by bacterial secondary infections in cattle. T 5) Adenoviruses may cause urolithiasis in sheep. T 6) Cholelithiasis is frequently seen in ovine adenovirus 4 infections of rams F 7) Adenoviral pneumo-enteritis is rarely fatal in calves and lambs T 8) Adenoviruses can cause purulent bronchoalveolar pneumonia in calves and lambs F 9) Bovine adenoviruses are endemic in the majority of large scale cattle stocks T 10) Poor keeping conditions and colostral immunity significantly influence the severity of adenovirus associated disease in cattle T 11) Adenoviruses are among the causative agents of chronic bovine respiratory disease complex T 12) Colostrum uptake may influence the resistance of calves to adenoviral pneumoenteritis T 13) The quality and amount of colostrum uptake influence the severity of adenoviral pneumoenteritis in calves. T 14) Insufficient colostrum uptake increases the severity of Adeno virus induced diseases in calves. T 15) Infertility and abortions are the most significant signs of bovine adenovirus infections F 16) In crowded keeping conditions the consequences of bovine adenovirus infections are usually more severe T 17) Bovine adenovirus-10 may cause haemorrhagic enteritis. T 18) Bovine adenoviruses usually cause disease in calves. T 19) Poor keeping conditions and colostral immunity significantly influence the severity of adenovirus-associated diseases in cattle. T 20) Adenoviral pneumoenteritis is rarely fatal in calves and lambs.T Canine Adenovirus Infectious Canine Hepatitis 1) Canine adenovirus 1 may cause fatal encephalitis in foxes. T 2) No long-term carrier stage is seen in canine adenovirus serotype 1 infections. F 3) Lymphocyte cell count is not changed during Canine adenovirus 1 infection. F 4) Canine Adenovirus 1 infection doesn’t cause viraemia F 5) Puppies between the age of 3 and 6 months are the most sensitive to canine hepatitis T 6) Dogs carry the canine adenovirus in the kidneys for several months T 7) Young dogs between the age of 3 and 6 months are most sensitive to canine hepatitis T 8) The canine adenovirus causes disease only in dogs F SIOBHAN CONDRON 9) Canine adenovirus infects only dogs F 10) Canine adenovirus 1 damages endothelial cells T 11) Elevated ALT and AST levels in the serum are potential signs of canine infectious hepatitis T 12) Urinary bladder wall oedema is a typical lesion in dogs after canine adenovirus 1 infection 13) Canine adenovirus serotype 1 may cause encephalitis in certain carnivore hosts T 14) Only inactivated vaccines are available against infectious canine hepatitis infections F 15) Canine adenoviral hepatitis is relatively rare in developed countries, because many dogs are vaccinated against it T 16) Glaucoma is a frequent sign of peracute canine infectious hepatitis F 17) Dogs carry Canine adenovirus serotype-1 usually in the spleen. F 18) Ocular lesions can develop in the extended and chronic stages of canine viral hepatitis. T 19) Gallbladder wall oedema is a typical lesion in Canine adenovirus-1 infection. T 20) The Canine adenovirus-1 can cause disease only in dogs. F 21) Infectious Canine Hepatitis is usually seen in elderly dogs. F 22) There is serological cross-protection between Canine adenovirus type-1 and 2. T 23) Both CAdV-2 and CAdV-1 serotypes can be used to vaccinate against Rubarth s disease. T 24) Canine adenovirus infection is sporadic in Hungary. T 25) Causative agent of Rubarth s disease is CAdV-2. F 26) Canine infectious hepatitis is caused by several adenovirus serotypes. F 27) Dogs with Rubarth s disease have a long-term carrier status. T 28) Canine adenovirus is characterized by hepatitis and abortion. F 29) During Canine adenovirus infection hepatitis and encephalitis are the main clinical signs. T 30) Vaccines usually contains CAdV-2 strain in live form. T 31) CAdV-2 causes CNS disease in puppies. F 32) Rubarth’s disease is caused by CAdV-2. F 33) Rubarth’s disease is a disease of older cats. F 34) Rubarth’s disease is caused by CAdV-1. T Infectious Canine Laryngotracheitis 1) Canine adenovirus 2 is among the causative agents of kennel cough. T 2) Canine adenovirus 2 can cause upper respiratory tract inflammation T 3) Canine adenovirus 2 causes upper respiratory tract infection in dogs T 4) No vaccine is available against Canine Adenovirus 2 F 5) Canine adenovirus 2 can cause encephalitis in foxes. F 6) Infectious laryngotracheitis virus replicates in the liver of cats F 7) Canine adenovirus-2 frequently causes abortion in dogs. F 8) Canine laryngotracheitis virus can cause interstitial pneumonia following viraemia. F 9) Canine adenovirus serotype-2 causes central nervous disease in dog pups. F Adenoviral diseases in poultry 1) Aviadenoviruses and goose parvovirus may cause similar pathology lesions in goslings. T 2) Adenoviruses frequently cause encephalitis in chicken F 3) Avian adenovirus spread both vertically and horizontally T 4) Aviadenovirus infections of geese may cause lesions similar to the Derzsy s disease. T 5) Avian adenoviruses may cause hepatitis in chicken. T 6) Chicken adenoviruses are species-specific. F 7) Chicken adenovirus can cause embryonic death, bronchitis, and inclusion body hepatitis. T Hydropericardium syndrome 1) Aviadenoviruses can cause hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in geese. T Chicken Inclusion Body Hepatitis 1) Anaemia and increased mortality are signs of chicken inclusion body hepatitis T 2) Aviadenoviruses may cause hepatitis in chickens T Turkey Haemorrhagic Enteritis 1) The turkey haemorrhagic enteritis virus can cause marble spleen diseases in pheasants T 2) The turkey haemorrhagic enteritis virus can cause spleen lesions as well T 3) The turkey haemorrhagic enteritis and the marble spleen disease are caused by the same virus T 4) Antibiotic therapy is forbidden in turkey haemorrhagic enteritis F Marble Spleen Disease 1) Marble Spleen Disease virus causes lymphatic tumours in geese. F Egg drop Syndrome 1) Egg drop syndrome virus causes cloaca paralysis F 2) Egg drop syndrome virus causes severe inflammation of the ovaries in hens F 3) The egg drop syndrome virus can be transmitted vertically T 4) The egg drop syndrome is mostly transmitted by arthropods F 5) The postmortem lesions of egg drop syndrome virus and polyoma virus in goose are the same F 6) The pathological lesions of egg drop syndrome virus and polyoma virus in goose are the same F 7) The egg drop syndrome virus may cause respiratory disease in young geese F 8) Egg drop syndrome usually appears in the beginning of the laying season F 9) The Egg Drop Syndrome virus causes hepatitis and hydropericardium in young geese. F 10) The Egg Drop Syndrome virus is mainly transmitted by arthropods. F 11) In young geese, respiratory disease may be caused by the EDS virus. T 12) The Egg Drop Syndrome virus damages the oviduct of day-old chicken. F 13) The Egg drop syndrome virus may cause respiratory disease in young. T 14) Egg Drop Syndrome is a disease of chickens of all age groups. F 15) Adenoviruses of birds, is characteristic with mild diarrhoea and rough, hard eggshell. F 16) Egg Drop Syndrome infects duck and geese as well. T 17) Inactivated vaccines are used for the prevention of Egg Drop Syndrome T 18) Egg Drop Syndrome is caused by an Aviadenovirus. F 19) Egg Drop Syndrome virus can spread germinatively. T 20) Egg Drop Syndrome occurs in Hungary. T HERPESVIRUSES In General 1) Herpesviruses are good antigens. F SIOBHAN CONDRON 2) Alphaherpesviruses are host specific slowly multiplying (>24hrs) viruses F 3) Alphaherpesviruses may cause latent infection in neurons of ganglia T 4) Some herpesviruses have a broad host spectrum (euryxen) T 5) Gammaherpesviruses may cause latent infection in neurons of ganglia T 6) Herpes viruses are resistant to detergents F 7) Herpesviruses are sensitive to detergents. T 8) Herpesviruses are generally weak antigens. T 9) Herpesviruses can cause latent persistent infections T 10) Herpesviruses are typically stenoxen viruses, but there are significant exceptions T 11) Herpesviruses are strong antigens, therefore single vaccinations provide lifelong protection F 12) Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses, therefore they are sensitive to detergents T 13) There are no serological cross-reactions between different herpesvirus species. F 14) Because the genome of herpesvnruses is very stable, no attenuated mutant vaccine strains are available. F 15) Infectious bovine vulvovaginitis virus strains cause abortions and foetal deformities F 16) Herpesvirus infections frequently result in latent virus carry. T 17) Herpesviruses usually cause latent infections and life-long virus carries. T Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis 1) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus can cause abortion. T 2) The use of marker vaccines can help the eradication of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. T 3) The most frequently used eradication strategy for IBRV is selection with the help of marker vaccines T 4) Marker vaccines can be used in IBRV eradication programs in cattle farms. T 5) Antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) might be detected in the milk T 6) Conjunctivitis and blepharitis are signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. T 7) The infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) causes haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. F 8) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus also causes mastitis in cows F 9) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus is transmitted by arthropods F 10) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus can cause fatal encephalitis in calves T 11) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus frequently causes encephalitis in old cow and bulls F 12) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus frequently causes encephalitis in old sow and bulls F 13) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis can be endemic on cattle farms T 14) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus can cause skin lesions on the genitals T 15) Bulls can shed the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis with semen T 16) The infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) may spread via semen T 17) Pregnant cows should be immunized with inactivated vaccines against IBRV T 18) Pregnant cows should be immunized against IBRV only with inactivated vaccine. T 19) Attenuated vaccines are used in pregnant cows against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus. F 20) Pregnant cows can be immunized against IBRV only with attenuated vaccines. F 21) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus can cause abortion. T 22) Because Bovine herpesvirus l causes latent infections; it is not possible to eradicate it from a cattle population. F 23) Bovine herpesvirus l may cause encephalitis in calves. T 24) IBRV may cause encephalitis in calves. T 25) Only inactivated vaccines are available against Bovine herpesvirus l. F 26) Bovine herpesvirus 1 may be transmitted through semen. T 27) Seropositive cattle cannot be carriers of the Infections Rhinotracheitis virus. F 28) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) can be transmitted through vectors. F 29) The IBR virus causes nephritis in calves usually in the age between one and six months. F 30) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) cause serous nasal discharge. F 31) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in 6-month-old calves usually causes pneumonia. T 32) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in cattle 6 months of age can cause encephalitis. F 33) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis often cause genital lesions with vesicles. T 34) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis may cause inflammation of conjunctiva. T 35) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis cause purulent discharge. T 36) In Hungary the gE-negative marker vaccine is to be used in the control of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. T 37) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is rapidly spread within the herd. F 38) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is no longer present in Hungary. F 39) The respiratory form of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is often followed by genital symptoms. F 40) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis spreads slowly within a herd.T 41) We can see characteristic clinical signs of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in day-old calves.F 42) We are doing Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus eradication programs in Hungary. T 43) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus mainly cause encephalitis in cattle older than 6 months. F 44) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis mainly causes pneumonia in 1-6 months old calves. T 45) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is rare, BHV-1 only affects cattle. F 46) In the transmission IBRV, the most important route is the germinative route. F 47) Genital form of IBR is often followed by abortion. F 48) IBR can occur in several clinical forms. T 49) \IBR is a frequent infection, cattle and its closest relatives are affected. T Bovine Herpes Mamillitis 1) Bovine Herpes virus 2 frequently causes abortion F 2) Bovine herpes mamillitis virus can cause mastitis in cows F 3) Bovine herpes mamillitis virus may cause lesions on the muzzle of suckling calves T 4) The bovine herpes mamillitis virus causes lesions on the skin of the milkers, therefore it is a zoonotic agent. F 5) Bovine herpesvirus 2 may cause generalised skin lesions. T 6) Bovine herpesvirus 2 is the most frequent primary cause of mastitis in cattle F 7) Bovine Herpes Mammillitis virus causes milkers' nodules in humans. F 8) Bovine Herpes Mammillitis virus may cause lesions on the lips of milking calves. T 9) Regarding Bovine Herpes Mammillitis, mainly heifers show clinical signs. T Inclusion Body Swine 1) Swine inclusion body rhinitis virus is causing mainly subclinical infection. T 2) Bloody nasal discharge can be a sign of swine inclusion body rhinitis T 3) Clinical manifestation of swine inclusion body rhinitis is usually seen in piglets less than 3 weeks old T 4) Inclusion body rhinitis is predisposing to fatal respiratory disease in pigs F SIOBHAN CONDRON 5) Suid herpesvirus 2 may cause upper respiratory tract disease in piglets T 6) Swine Inclusion Body Rhinitis is usually seen in piglets. T 7) The Swine Inclusion Body Rhinitis virus may cause reproductive problems in sows. T Malignant Catarrhal Fever 1) Malignant catarrhal fever is mostly fatal in sheep. F 2) Malignant catarrhal fever is an alphaherpesvirus causing latent infection in ganglia. F 3) Malignant catarrhal fever develops only in suckling calves up to two weeks of age. F 4) Malignant catarrhal fever can be seen only in calves younger than one month. F 5) Malignant catarrhal fever causes only mild respiratory disease in sheep F 6) Sheep should be immunised against malignant catarrhal fever virus F 7) Malignant catarrhal fever may develop in swine too T 8) Malignant catarrhal fever is frequently seen in cats F 9) Cattle should be vaccinated against malignant catarrhal fever F 10) Goats are the reservoir hosts of the malignant catarrhal fever virus F 11) The incubation period of malignant catarrhal fever is less than one week F 12) Malignant catarrhal fever is quickly spreading from cattle to cattle. F 13) Cattle should be vaccinated against malignant catarrhal fever in every six months. F 14) The malignant catarrhal fever is caused by Bovine Herpes virus-2 F 15) Malignant Catarrhal Fever is usually lethal in cattle. T 16) Rodents are the reservoir hosts of the Malignant Catarrhal Fever virus. F 17) Swine are the reservoir host of the Malignant Catarrhal Fever virus. F 18) The Malignant Catarrhal Fever is caused by Bovine herpesvirus-2. F 19) We vaccinate calves 2 times against Malignant Catarrhal Fever.F 20) Swine are affected by Malignant Catarrhal Fever.T 21) Malignant Catarrhal Fever does not occur in Europe. F 22) Malignant Catarrhal Fever can cause diarrhoea T 23) Malignant Catarrhal Fever spreads slowly within a cattle herd. F 24) Malignant Catarrhal Fever occurs if we keep cattle and sheep together. T 25) Malignant Catarrhal Fever does not occur in Hungary. F Aujeszys Disease 1) The Aujeszy’s disease virus is stenoxen. F 2) Wild boars are not susceptible to Aujeszy’s disease virus. F 3) Abortion of sows can be a sign of Aujeszys disease T 4) Pregnant sows may abort in Aujeszky's disease. T 5) In swine the most serious CS of Aujeszys disease are usually seen in piglets 6) Dogs should be vaccinated against Aujeszys disease F 7) Carnivores are the reservoir hosts of the Aujeszky’s disease virus F 8) The Aujeszys disease in cats is usually a mild respiratory disease with quick recovery F 9) The signs of Aujeszys disease in dogs are similar to rabies T 10) The natural reservoir hosts of the Aujeszys disease virus are rodents F 11) The Aujeszy disease causes fatal pneumonia in Ruminants and Carnivores F 12) The Aujeszy disease is zoonosis F 13) The symptoms of Aujeszys disease in ruminants is similar to rabies T 14) The Aujeszy disease virus may infect several mammalian hosts T 15) The Aujeszy disease virus is stenoxen F 16) Aujeszys diseases can be latently carried by pigs in the nervous system T 17) Central nervous signs of the Aujeszky’s disease are rarely seen in adult swine T 18) Convalescent swine are life-long carriers and potential shedders of Aujeszky's disease virus T 19) Swine are immunized against the Aujeszky's disease virus usually with gE negative marker vaccines T 20) Rats are the reservoir hosts of the Aujeszky's disease. F 21) Rodents are are the natural reservoir hosts of the Aujeszky's disease F 22) The Suid herpesvirus 1 frequently causes encephalitis in humans. F 23) Liquid manure may play a role in the transmission of Suid herpesvirus 1 from swine to cattle T 24) Discriminative ELISA tests may differentiate between vaccinated swine wild type Suid- herpesvirus infected ones. T 25) In adult swine the most frequent manifestation of Aujeszky's disease is encephalitis F 26) Aujeszky's disease virus infection in adult pigs is frequently subclinical. T 27) Pigs infected with wild type Aujeszky's disease virus can be differentiated from vaccinated ones by serological tests (i.e ELISA). T 28) Cattle should be vaccinated against Malignant Catarrhal Fever. F 29) Aujeszky s disease can occur in pigs and cats. T 30) Aujeszky s disease in pigs causes viraemia. T 31) Aujeszky s disease in cats spreads along the nerves. T 32) Aujeszky s disease can cause respiratory signs in adult pigs. T 33) Aujeszky s disease causes fever in day old piglets. T 34) Aujeszky`s disease causes pneumonia in susceptible piglets. F 35) Aujeszky`s disease doesn’t cause clinical signs in susceptible piglets. F 36) Aujeszky`s disease causes pruritus in susceptible piglets. F 37) Aujeszky`s disease causes 20-30% mortality in susceptible piglets. F 38) Older pigs are more frequently affected by Aujeszky s. F EHV 1 & EHV4 1) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus is transmitted by arthropods. F 2) For immunisation against equine rhinopneumonitis virus mostly marker vaccines are used. F 3) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus can cause abortion several weeks after acute infection. T 4) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus causes cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the foetal hepatocytes. F 5) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus can cause abortion several weeks after acute infection. T 6) Equid herpesvirus 4 more frequently causes encephalitis than Equid herpesvirus 1 F 7) Horses should be vaccinated against equine rhinopneumonitis virus at least every 6 months T 8) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus causes necrotic foci in the liver of the foetus T 9) Fever and serous nasal discharge are early signs of acute equine rhinopneumonitis T 10) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus can cause purulent metritis F 11) Only equine herpesvirus 4 can cause abortion F 12) Pregnant mares abort usually in the acute phase of equine rhinopneumonitis F 13) After EHV1 infection pregnant mares abort in the acute febrile stage F 14) Immunisation against equine rhinopneumonitis virus provides life long protection F 15) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus is present only in North America F 16) The equid herpesvirus 1 may cause abortion storms in studs T 17) Pregnant mares abort usually several weeks after equid herpesvirus 1 infection T 18) Vaccinated horses cannot get infected with Equid herpesvirus 1 F 19) Equid herpesvirus 1 associated abortions are always sporadic F SIOBHAN CONDRON 20) Equid herpesvirus 1 may cause subclinical infection in horses T 21) Only pregnant mares should be immunized against Equid herpesvirus-1 infection. F 22) A single vaccination against Equid herpesvirus-1 provides life-long protection. F 23) Equine rhinopneumonitis virus can cause only respiratory problems. F 24) Both equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 can cause abortion. T 25) For immunisation against Equine rhinopneumonitis virus mostly marker vaccines are used. F 26) A single vaccination of a horse against EHV-1 induces protection for several years. F 27) Equine herpesvirus-4 primarily causes abortion in horses F 28) Equine herpesvirus-4 causes mainly respiratory symptoms in horses. T 29) Equine herpesvirus-1 contains cross-reactive proteins against disease caused by EHV-4. T 30) Vaccination containing Equine herpesvirus-1 also provides protection against EHV-4. F 31) Equine herpesvirus-1 primarily causes respiratory symptoms in horses. F 32) Equine herpesvirus-1 primarily causes abortion. T 33) One vaccination is enough to prevent Equine herpesvirus-1. F 34) Mares infected with Equine herpesvirus-1 have a febrile state, then abort. T 35) Horses should be vaccinated against Equine herpesvirus-1 every six months. F EHV2 & 5 1) Equine herpesvirus 2 may cause keratoconjunctivitis. T 2) Equine herpesvirus 2 can cause respiratory disease only in young foals T 3) Equid herpesvirus-2 may cause respiratory disease in foals. T 4) Equid herpesvirus 5 may play a role in the equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. T 5) Equid herpesvirus 2 may cause keratoconjunctivitis in foals. T 6) Equid herpesvirus 5 causes encephalitis in foals F 7) Equine herpesvirus-2 and 5 causes pustular vulvovaginitis F 8) Equid herpesvirus-2 may cause Coital Exanthemas in horse. F 9) Equid herpesvirus-2 and 5 cause diarrhoea and hepatitis in foals. F 10) In horses infected with Equine herpesvirus-2, the symptoms are often unnoticed. T 11) Equine herpesvirus-2 in horses does not cause symptoms in adult animals. T 12) It is enough to vaccinate mares 2 times against Equine herpesvirus-2. F EHV 3 1) Equid herpesvirus 3 can cause lesions on the genital mucosa without abortion T 2) Equid herpesvirus 3 may cause coital exanthema in horses T 3) Abortion is frequent complication of coital exanthema in mares F 4) Herpesvirus 3 can be transmitted through mating. T 5) Coital exanthema virus frequently causes abortion. F 6) Coital Exanthema virus does not cause abortion. T 7) Equine Coital Exanthema can cause abortion storms in studs. F 8) Equine herpesvirus-3 cause abortion storms. F Canine Herpesvirus 1) Canine herpesvirus infection can cause abortion. T 2) Herpesvirus infection of adult dogs may result in reproductive disorders T 3) Canine herpesvirus infection frequently appears with flu like symptoms T 4) Feline herpesvirus infects dogs as well. F 5) Liver lesions are frequently seen in puppies with Canid herpesvirus 1 infection. T 6) Canine herpesvirus infection can cause blue eye disease. F 7) Herpesvirus is frequently causing kennel cough T 8) Hypothermia and weak immune response facilitate the severity of canid herpes virus infection of dogs T 9) Latent canine herpesvirus infection can be activated in pregnant bitches T 10) Canine herpesvirus can cause transplacental infection T 11) Pregnant bitches can be immunised against canine herpesvirus with inactivated vaccine T 12) Herpes infection of pups 2-3 weeks old is fatal T 13) Canine Herpes virus may remain in latency for years in infected animals. T 14) Canine herpesvirus 1 may contribute to the kennel cough syndrome T 15) Canid herpesvirus-1 may cause generalized infection and severe disease in young puppies. T 16) Inactivated vaccines are available for immunization against Canid herpesvirus-1. T 17) Upper respiratory infection of Canid herpesvirus-1 may contribute to the kennel cough syndrome. T 18) In utero infections with Canid herpesvirus may result in abortion. T 19) Decreased body temperature has a negative effect on Canine herpesvirus infected animals. T 20) Herpesvirus infection of dogs is most severe in 3-6 months old puppies. F 21) Large dog kennels are usually seropositive for canine herpesvirus. T 22) Canine herpesvirus infection can be deadly below 2-3 weeks of age. T Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis 1) Feline rhinotracheitis predisposes to pneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. T 2) Feline rhinotracheitis can cause foetal developmental anomalies in pregnant cats. T 3) Felid herpesvirus does not cause viraemia and abortion. F 4) Abortion is uncommon in feline rhinotracheitis of pregnant animals. F 5) Abortion is rare in rhinotracheitis infected pregnant cats. F 6) Sneezing is a typical sign of feline infectious rhinotracheitis T 7) Feline herpesvirus does not cause respiratory signs, only viraemia and abortion F 8) Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of feline rhinotracheitis T 9) Conjunctivitis and muco-purulent nasal discharge are frequent signs of feline rhinotracheitis T 10) Clinical signs of feline infectious rhinotracheitis are similar to those of calicivirus T 11) Feline infectious rhinotracheitis often results high mortality in susceptible young kittens. T 12) Feline infectious rhinotracheitis often results in abortion of pregnant queens T 13) Felid herpesvirus 1 spreads slowly in cat populations F 14) Feline infectious rhinotracheitis is characterized by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract T 15) Crowded area, poor general condition and stress contribute significantly to the development of feline infectious rhinotracheitis T 16) Prolonged contact is usually needed for successful transmission of feline infectious rhinotracheitis T 17) Feline infectious rhinotracheitis can be treated with specific hyperimmune sera T 18) Conjunctivitis and muco-purulent nasal discharge are frequent signs of feline rhinotracheitis T 19) Ulcerations of the oral mucosa are frequent signs of Feline Rhinotracheitis. SIOBHAN CONDRON 20) Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis occurs in summer because Felid herpesvirus-1 is transmitted by mosquitoes. F 21) Feline herpesvirus-1 is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. F 22) Felid herpesvirus-1 is moderately contagious: spreads slowly in cat populations.F 23) Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis virus is transmitted mainly through the air. F 24) The Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis virus is very contagious to cats.T 25) Mucous is a frequent sign of Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis. T Infectious laryngotracheitis of Chickens 1) The infectious laryngotracheitis is seen only in young chickens. F 2) Diarrhoea is frequent in infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens. F 3) Infectious laryngotracheitis virus strains may differ in virulence T 4) Encephalitis is a frequent complication in Infectious Laryngotracheitis of chickens F 5) Ducks are the most susceptible to infectious laryngotracheitis virus F 6) The infectious laryngotracheitis causes pseudomembrane formation in the oesophagus T 7) Chickens above 6 weeks of age are not susceptible to infectious laryngotracheitis F 8) The infectious laryngotracheitis can cause viraemia and pneumonia in young.. F 9) Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of infectious laryngotracheitis T 10) Infectious laryngotracheitis virus is typically transmitted by the germinative route F 11) Infectious laryngotracheitis can be deadly in chickens T 12) Infectious laryngotracheitis is most frequently seen in day-old chickens F 13) Infectious laryngotracheitis virus is shed mainly with faeces F 14) Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus replicates in the liver of cats. F 15) Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract. T 16) Germinative route is the most important factor in the transmission of the Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus. F 17) Tracheal lesions of Infectious Laryngotracheitis may be similar to those of fowl pox. T 18) The Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus does not cause viraemia. T 19) Infectious Laryngotracheitis is most frequently seen in day-old turkey. F 20) Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus is present worldwide. T 21) Infectious Laryngotracheitis usually occurs clinically under 6 weeks of age. F 22) Infectious Laryngotracheitis causes changes in the larynx and upper airways. T 23) Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus invades the kidneys after viraemia. F 24) Infectious Laryngotracheitis of poultry spreads germinatively. F 25) Infectious Laryngotracheitis also occur in Hungary. T 26) Infectious Laryngotracheitis causes eggshell deformation. F 27) Infectious Laryngotracheitis frequently damages the oviduct of hen. F 28) Infectious Laryngotracheitis can be deadly in chickens. T 29) Mortality of infectious laryngotracheitis can go up to 50%. T Mareks Disease 1) In case of viraemia the GaHV2 spreads to fowl’s organs in macrophages. T 2) Transient paralysis form of Marek’s disease can be present in 6-week-old chicken. T 3) Infection of Marek’s disease can occur in hatchery. T 4) The vaccines of Marek’s disease are not efficient. F 5) The turkey herpesvirus causes cross immunity against Marek’s disease. T 6) Turkey Herpes virus can be used for vaccination against Marek Disease T 7) Lymphoproliferative form of Marek’s disease can be present in 6-week-old chicken. T 8) Lymphoproliferative form of Marek’s disease can be present in hens (older age). F 9) Clinical signs of Marek’s disease present rare, because of vaccination. T 10) Lymphoproliferative form of Mareks disease is a chronic disease F 11) The duck herpesvirus causes cross immunity against Marek disease F 12) The free virions spread to organs independent of cells in the case of Marek disease F 13) Transient paralysis form of Mareks disease can be present in hens F 14) Lymphoproliferative form of Mareks disease is an acute disease T 15) Neurological form of Mareks disease can be present in 4 week old chicken. F 16) There is in ovo vaccine against Mareks disease T 17) Intake of GaHV2 happens most frequently per os. F 18) Germinative infection does not occur in Mareks disease T 19) Germinative infection does occur in Mareks disease F 20) In case of viraemia the GaHV2 spreads to fowl’s organs in red blood cells F 21) The acute form of Mareks is primarily a tumour formation. T 22) Marek disease is usually seen in chickens below 2 weeks of age. F 23) Marek disease virus is shed with faeces in high titres F 24) Signs of Marek disease may be very similar to reticuloendotheliosis signs T 25) The Marek disease virus survives for long in the environment T 26) Marek disease is caused by turkey herpesvirus F 27) Transient Marek paralysis may lead to visceral form T 28) Transient paralysis by Marek’s disease usually ends in full recovery F 29) The chronic form of Marek disease is characterized by neurological disorders T 30) The chronic form of Marek disease is due to circuses of higher virulence F 31) Transient Marek paralysis may lead to visceral form T 32) Marek disease is the result of air born infection. T 33) Transient paralysis by Marek disease usually ends in full recovery. F 34) Marek disease usually starts as an airborne infection. T 35) Free Marek virus particles are shed from the feather follicles. T 36) The Marek's disease virus may survive in the environment for several months. T 37) Marek's disease is most frequently seen in geese and ducks. F 38) Free virions of the Marek's disease virus are formed in the feather follicle epithelial cells. T 39) Humoral immunity plays the central role in the host's defence against the Marek's disease virus. F 40) The neurological form of the Marek's disease is seen only in day-old chicks. F 41) Chicken shed the Marek's disease virus via feather follicular epithelial cells. T 42) The pathological lesions of acute Marek's disease and reticuloendotheliosis can be similar. T 43) Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of acute Marek's disease. F 44) The Marek s disease virus is transmitted by inhalation. T 45) Marek s disease virus can t be prevented by vaccination, because it s immunosuppressive. F 46) The pathology lesions of acute Marek s disease and avian leucosis can be similar. T 47) The Marek s disease virus causes immunosuppression. T 48) The acute form of Marek s disease is characterized by lymphoid cell proliferation. T 49) The neurological form of Marek s disease has a mass appearance. F 50) The highly virulent strains of Marek s disease may cause tumours in turkey. T 51) The incubation time of acute Marek s disease is 1-2 days. F 52) The neurological form of Marek s disease leads to significant liver degeneration. F 53) Both serotypes of the Marek s virus cause disease in geese. F 54) North America is free of Marek s disease. F 55) Marek’s disease only occurs in domestic fowl. T 56) Marek’s disease spreads primarily via the aerogenous route. T 57) Marek’s disease virus is shed mainly via the faeces. F 58) Marek s disease in the blood multiplies in the endothelial cells. F SIOBHAN CONDRON 59) Marek s disease is a beta herpes virus. F 60) Marek’s disease primarily targets day old chickens. F 61) The neoplastic form of Marek disease is caused by high virulence strains. T 62) Vaccination is used for the prevention of Marek s disease. T 63) The neoplastic form of Marek’s is caused by low virulence strains. F 64) We can differentiate Marek’s disease from reticuloendotheliosis only by lab diagnostics methods. T 65) Prevention against Marek s: no measures needed as the disease remains mostly symptomless. F 66) General preventative measures and vaccination of day-old chickens must be used for the prevention of Marek’s disease. T 67) Live attenuated strains are used for vaccination against Marek s disease. T 68) No vaccination is needed against Marek’s disease. F 69) The highly virulent strains of Marek’s disease may cause tumors in turkeys. T 70) Marek’s disease viruses are uniform in their virulence. F 71) Highly virulent Marek’s disease viruses may break through vaccine induced protection. T Duck Viral Enteritis/ Duck Plaque 1) Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of duck viral enteritis. T 2) Only sporadic clinical cases of duck viral enteritis are seen in an affected flock F 3) Mallards may transmit the duck enteritis virus to domestic ducks kept on lakes T 4) Liver dystrophy is a frequent lesion of duck viral enteritis (duck plaque) T 5) Wild ducks may be persistently infected with duck plaque (duck enteritis) virus T 6) Duck plaque virus may be shed life long by animals recovered from the disease T 7) Duck plaque (viral enteritis) can’t cause high mortality without secondary bacterial infection F 8) Duck plaque and duck viral enteritis are two names of the same disease T 9) Duck viral enteritis is seldom fatal F 10) Treatment is the most effective control method for duck viral enteritis. F 11) Duck plague is more sever in wild birds than in domestic ducks. F 12) Duck plague virus damages blood vessel endothelium T 13) Duck plague only affects young ducklings F 14) Duck plague is only seen in day old ducklings F 15) Duck viral enteritis is usually mild, osmotic diarrhoea. F 16) Duck plague infects exclusively domestic and wild ducks. F 17) Antibiotic treatment is the most effective control method for Duck Viral Enteritis. F 18) Duck plague infects exclusively domestic and wild ducks. F 19) Beak deformity is a typical sign of Duck Plague. F 20) Muscovy duck are resistant to the Duck Viral Enteritis. F 21) Duck Plague/Duck viral Enteritis cause high mortality in all ages. F 22) Duck Plague/Duck viral Enteritis clinical signs in young ducks are only seen in birds up to 4 weeks of age. F 23) Vaccines containing a live attenuated strain can be used for prevention against Duck Plague. T 24) Duck Plague/Duck viral Enteritis vaccination is not needed as clinical signs are mild. F 25) Duck Plague virus can “settle” in wild ducks. T 26) Duck Plague is an outbreak of Avian influenza in ducks, with a host-adapted version of the virus. F 27) Duck Plague only causes hepatitis in young ducks. F 28) Duck Plague only causes disease in ducks and geese. F 29) Duck Plague virus causes high mortality in both old and young birds. F 30) Duck Plague also affects geese. T 31) Duck Plague is a disease of young ducks only. F 32) Duck Viral Enteritis can affect all age groups. T 33) Depression, respiratory signs and bloody diarrhoea are main signs of Duck Plague. T 34) In most cases the Duck Plague disease remain symptomless. F 35) Duck Plague is more severe in wild birds than domestic ducks. F 36) Conjunctivitis is a frequent sign of Duck Plague. T Pigeon Herpesvirus 1) Pigeon herpesvirus mainly causes encephalitis in adult pigeons. F 2) Pigeon herpesvirus infections usually result a haemorrhagic deadly disease. F 3) Pigeon herpesvirus is characterised by focal necrosis in the liver in pigeons. T 4) Pigeon herpesvirus kills mostly day old pigeons F 5) Pigeon herpesvirus infection causes feather development problems F 6) Pigeon herpesvirus infections mainly affect young pigeons. T 7) Pigeon herpesvirus mainly causes encephalitis in adult pigeons F 8) Pigeon herpesvirus infection is frequently combined with adenovirus and circovirus infection. T 9) Pigeon herpesvirus may cause respiratory disease in young pigeons. T 10) Pigeon herpesvirus causes conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and diarrhoea in the acute stage. T 11) Pigeon herpesvirus infection is related to Marek’s disease. T 12) Pigeon herpesvirus has

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