Animal Health Care
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Questions and Answers

What are inflammatory cells primarily responsible for?

  • Producing hormones for growth
  • Migrating to tissue injury sites to combat injury (correct)
  • Transporting nutrients to tissues
  • Regulating blood flow

    • What is the primary role of an intermediate host?

  • To serve as a biological carrier for disease agents (correct)
  • To facilitate the digestion of parasites
  • To multiply parasites within its own tissues
  • To harbor adult stages of parasites

    • Which vaccine type consists of live organisms that multiply within the body?

  • Live vaccine (correct)
  • Mixed vaccine
  • Monovalent vaccine
  • Modified vaccine

    • What characterizes a paratenic host?

    <p>It transmits the infection without further development of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intravenous administration?

    <p>Introducing solutions/drugs via the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term necrotic tissues refer to?

    <p>Dead tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the permeability of cell membranes?

    <p>Their ability to penetrate and allow substance passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a poultice primarily used for?

    <p>Applying warmth and relief to sores or inflamed areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary way parasites negatively impact their host?

    <p>By absorbing part of the digested nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to high parasitic loads in animals in rural areas of the Philippines?

    <p>Improper housing and grazing management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is common among gastrointestinal nematodes in goats under Philippine conditions?

    <p>Multiple species are typically present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is known for sucking blood or lymph from its host?

    <p>Hookworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disease transmitted by the tropical cattle tick?

    <p>Anaplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for the Pasteurella multocida bacterin?

    <p>Intramuscularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it recommended to give the first dose of the Mycoplasma pneumonia vaccine?

    <p>2 weeks before weaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently should the Leptospira polyvalent bacterin be administered in breeders?

    <p>Semiannually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interval for booster doses after the initial Mycoplasma pneumonia vaccination?

    <p>2-3 weeks later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what case is a repeat dose recommended for the Pasteurella multocida bacterin?

    <p>Before breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame to administer the Leptospira polyvalent bacterin before weaning?

    <p>1 week before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after the initial Mycoplasma pneumonia vaccination should the next dose be administered?

    <p>2-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'enzootic infections' primarily refer to?

    <p>Infections endemic to a specific area or population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterin is usually mixed with E.coli during administration?

    <p>Pasteurella multocida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration route for the Leptospira sp. polyvalent bacterin?

    <p>Intramuscularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a sporulated oocyst?

    <p>The infective stage of coccidian parasites that has undergone spore formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tympany' refer to in livestock health?

    <p>Excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a trivalent vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine containing a mixture of three different strains of the same organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of disease, what does 'virulent' mean?

    <p>Capable of causing disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the increased occurrence of livestock diseases in tropical countries?

    <p>The conducive tropical climate for growth of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of vaccination in livestock?

    <p>To induce immunity against specific diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'transmissible disease' mean?

    <p>A disease that spreads from one host to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vectors play in disease transmission?

    <p>They can transmit pathogens biologically or mechanically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does subcutaneous injection refer to?

    <p>Administering drugs just beneath the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the presence of Pasteurella multocida?

    <p>It can cause Pasteurellosis under certain stressful conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of an excellent vaccine in terms of immunogenicity?

    <p>Stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about vaccine safety features is correct?

    <p>Vaccines must not cause disease in the vaccinated animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommendation for vaccine storage?

    <p>Store vaccines in the refrigerator at cold temperatures (20-60°C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when vaccinating animals?

    <p>Vaccinating when ignoring expiration dates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial guideline when transporting vaccines?

    <p>Transport vaccines in ice chests or coolers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception may occur regarding expired vaccines?

    <p>They are still safe to use if they look okay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a safety feature for an ideal vaccine?

    <p>Only provides limited protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid stress on animals during vaccination?

    <p>Stressed animals may not react to the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should one assess the condition of a vaccine before use?

    <p>Check for the expiration date and any signs of damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommendation regarding the vaccination schedule?

    <p>Vaccinate only when weather conditions are optimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration route for the parvovirus vaccine?

    <p>IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timing for administering the first dose of the piglet scours vaccine?

    <p>4-5 weeks before farrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the dosing schedule for salmonellosis vaccination?

    <p>Initial dose at 6-7 weeks, booster at 3-4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended interval for the subsequent doses of the parvovirus vaccine?

    <p>Every farrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type is typically mixed with E.coli for salmonellosis prevention?

    <p>Bacterin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an anthelmintic?

    <p>To expel or destroy parasitic worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a state where a population has individuals that tolerate usual doses of a compound?

    <p>Anthelmintic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction does agglutination describe?

    <p>Suspension of organisms forming clumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might an anaphylactic shock occur after vaccination?

    <p>Due to allergic reaction to preservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an anaesthetic have on an individual?

    <p>Partially or totally reduces sensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of a vaccine?

    <p>To prevent future infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'vaccination schedule'?

    <p>The time frames and intervals for administering vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a potent vaccine in terms of immunogenicity?

    <p>Ability to trigger an adequate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease appears to have the highest recorded incidence in the data provided?

    <p>NCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of cases recorded for F.pox?

    <p>43,171</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease had zero cases recorded over the reporting period?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease had a case total of over 1,000 in the second category?

    <p>S.Flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the diseases listed, which one shows the lowest total in the last category?

    <p>Liverfluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease recorded 0 cases in the last three reporting periods?

    <p>Orf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total number of cases for Hemosept in the first reporting category?

    <p>427</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease had the highest number of recorded cases in the fifth category?

    <p>NCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the data provided, which disease consistently has a zero case count in the second to last category?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reported disease has a total of 2 cases in its last reporting category?

    <p>Liverfluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an inorganic acid?

    <p>Hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized as an alcohol?

    <p>Methyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reducing agent can be used in chemical reactions?

    <p>Carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is a halogen?

    <p>Bromide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of surface-active agents, what are cationics mainly known for?

    <p>Quaternary ammonium germicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic compound is cresol classified as?

    <p>Phenol derivative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of oxidizing agent?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of acids, which of these is an example of a benzoic acid?

    <p>Benzoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is classified under alkaline substances?

    <p>Calcium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aromatic oil is commonly known for its therapeutic properties?

    <p>Camphor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of a night shed or holding area for cattle and carabaos?

    <p>It should be well-drained and elevated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for managing organic waste in animal holding areas?

    <p>Composting the organic waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is advised for the disposal of animals that have died from infectious diseases?

    <p>Bury them at least 6 ft deep with proper covering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured about drinking water for cattle and carabaos?

    <p>It must be clean and potable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regular grooming in animal health care?

    <p>It helps maintain the animal's hygiene and health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the removal of manure important in livestock management?

    <p>It prevents soggy soil conditions conducive to diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action during outbreaks of diseases among livestock?

    <p>Quarantine sick animals to limit spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should contaminated litters and manure be handled during animal cadaver disposal?

    <p>They must be buried together at the burial site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for maintaining animal health?

    <p>Ignoring the cleanliness of drinking water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hazard is associated with a buildup of maggots and flies in animal enclosures?

    <p>They can cause direct injury to the animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ectoparasite is known to predispose cattle to Surra and Anaplasmosis?

    <p>Tabanus reduscens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of Damalinia limbata on livestock?

    <p>Unthriftiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a biting louse affecting goats?

    <p>Damalinia limbata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fly is primarily associated with myiasis?

    <p>Chrysomyia bezziana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mite is responsible for causing mange or scabies in goats?

    <p>Sarcoptes scabiei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of agglutination in a biological context?

    <p>Clumping of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response best describes anaphylactic shock?

    <p>An exaggerated response to foreign proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do anthelmintics serve in animal health?

    <p>They expel or destroy parasitic worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthelmintic resistance refers to which of the following situations?

    <p>Increased tolerance to anti-parasitic treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of antibacterial action?

    <p>Destruction of harmful bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which professional role is Ricardo R. Argana associated with?

    <p>Volume Editor in Applied Communication Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of an effective anaesthetic?

    <p>It causes partial or total loss of sensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does Dr. Edwin C. Villar hold in relation to livestock research?

    <p>Director of Livestock Research Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during agglutination when particles are treated with specific substances?

    <p>Particles form clumps or flocules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a condition where individuals can tolerate anthelmintic treatments?

    <p>Anthelmintic tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metacercariae in the life cycle of the common liver fluke?

    <p>To mature into adult flukes in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a way through which parasite infections can be acquired?

    <p>Absorption through water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after mature cercariae emerge from snails in the life cycle of the common liver fluke?

    <p>They encyst on grasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the miracidium in the life cycle of the liver fluke?

    <p>To hatch and infect snail hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adult flukes contribute to the parasite's life cycle?

    <p>By laying eggs in contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the development phase of cercariae?

    <p>Cercariae develop in the snail before emerging to infect hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method through which fluke infections can occur in animals?

    <p>Ingestion of infective stage through contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key stage follows the emergence of mature cercariae from snails in the life cycle of the liver fluke?

    <p>Ingestion by the definitive host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true regarding the transmission of parasite infections?

    <p>Some infections can be acquired through ingestion of infected arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is specifically identified as a liver fluke?

    <p>Fasciola sp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life cycle of Eimeria tenella primarily associated with?

    <p>Chickens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following worms is categorized as a roundworm?

    <p>Ascaridia galli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to correct a 'head back' position during birth?

    <p>Manual extraction of the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tick is recognized as the tropical cattle tick?

    <p>Boophilus microplus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is most likely to cause ascariasis in pigs?

    <p>Ascaris suis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical application of a trocar and cannula in livestock?

    <p>To puncture for gas expulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is commonly referred to as the common roundworm in cattle?

    <p>Toxocara vitulorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration route for the Marek’s disease vaccine?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timing for administering the second dose of the Newcastle disease vaccine?

    <p>3rd-5th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease vaccine involves the use of a bivalent vaccine?

    <p>Infectious bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario should the first and second doses of the Gumboro disease vaccine be delayed?

    <p>In birds with high maternal immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is incorporated into the Newcastle disease vaccinations?

    <p>Infectious bronchitis vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is characterized as being live and avirulent for Marek’s disease?

    <p>Live avirulent vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of administration for the infectious bronchitis vaccine?

    <p>Oral or spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the Newcastle disease vaccine's administration before the start of egg production?

    <p>An inactivated vaccine is used for boosting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the timing of the first dose of the Infectious bronchitis vaccine?

    <p>Given at 1-2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of the Gumboro disease vaccine related to its administration timing?

    <p>It is delayed in high immunity situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which louse species is known for causing unthriftiness and poor coat condition in sheep and goats?

    <p>Damalinia limbata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the tropical cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, on livestock?

    <p>Results in tick worry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following flies is known to carry Onchocerca sp. that affects livestock?

    <p>Simulium sp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mite species is associated with mange or scabies in livestock?

    <p>Sarcoptes scabiei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disease associated with the screw worm fly, Chrysomyia bezziana?

    <p>Myiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is primarily involved in the publication for animal health care?

    <p>Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of the information provided in the publication?

    <p>Emergency case handling procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who expressed gratitude towards the members of the Animal Health Care Committee for preparing the publication?

    <p>Director of the Animal Health Division, Pfizer, Inc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles does the Bureau of Animal Industry fulfill in the context of the publication?

    <p>Serving as a member of the technical committee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of acknowledging the heads of various universities and institutions in the publication?

    <p>To recognize their support in staff participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition is likely addressed in the publication with respect to livestock health?

    <p>Proper animal hygiene and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the publication aim to assist with in terms of livestock production?

    <p>Improving the health status of animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of animal health does the publication emphasize, according to its content?

    <p>Vaccination and preventive medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of good livestock husbandry?

    <p>Achieving optimum productivity through proper animal care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly contributes to the prevalence of livestock diseases in tropical countries?

    <p>High humidity and temperature conducive to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the term 'virulent' in relation to diseases?

    <p>Capable of causing disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sporulated oocyst?

    <p>An infectious stage of certain parasites that has divided by spore formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stress on animals regarding pathogens like Pasteurella multocida?

    <p>It allows the bacteria to multiply and possibly cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines a transmissible disease?

    <p>A disease that spreads from one host to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a trivalent vaccine?

    <p>It contains three different strains/biotypes of the same organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tympany refer to in livestock health?

    <p>The excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a vector in disease transmission?

    <p>To mechanically or biologically transmit a pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vaccination aim to achieve in livestock?

    <p>To induce immunity to a specific disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage of the life cycle of the common liver fluke that develops in snails?

    <p>Miracidium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of infection involves ingestion through contaminated food or water?

    <p>Ingestion of infective stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after metacercariae are ingested by the host?

    <p>They mature into adult flukes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the possible ways for acquiring parasite infections that involves contacting soil?

    <p>Ingestion through snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the liver fluke's life cycle is primarily responsible for encysting on grasses or water?

    <p>Metacercariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adult flukes in the liver contribute to their life cycle?

    <p>They lay eggs excreted into feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the development of many cercariae from a single miracidium?

    <p>Sporocyst formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which cercariae emerge from snails?

    <p>Emergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of parasite acquisition?

    <p>Direct transmission through air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to eggs laid by adult flukes?

    <p>They are excreted into the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of oligodynamic metals when used as disinfectants?

    <p>Coagulation of cell materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acidic agents are suggested for use as skin antiseptics?

    <p>Salicylic and benzoic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for coal-tar derivatives?

    <p>Skin antiseptics in dilute solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways do salicylanilides and carbanilides function?

    <p>Catalyze oxidation of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanical effect attributed to aromatic oils in disinfectants?

    <p>Inhibition of cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do acids play in the disinfection process?

    <p>Precipitating cell proteins and destroying cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of oligodynamic metals makes them effective disinfectants?

    <p>Low concentrations required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary application of benzoic acid?

    <p>Food preservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes salicylanilides and carbanilides from other disinfectants?

    <p>They catalyze oxidation and inhibit cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of action is typical of aromatic oils when used as disinfectants?

    <p>Mechanical effect resulting in metabolic disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial characteristic of an excellent vaccine regarding immunogenicity?

    <p>Stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline is essential for proper vaccine administration?

    <p>Check for expired vaccines before use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What storage condition is recommended for vaccines?

    <p>At cold temperatures between 20-60C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should stress on animals be avoided during vaccination?

    <p>Stressed animals may not respond optimally to vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a safety feature for an ideal vaccine?

    <p>Can be stored at room temperature indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of animal health does the publication aim to provide information on?

    <p>Animal hygiene and vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organizations contributed to the preparation of this publication?

    <p>University of the Philippines, Central Luzon State University, and Bureau of Animal Industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of maintaining good animal health mentioned in the publication?

    <p>Proper animal hygiene and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Animal Health Division, Pfizer, Inc. play in relation to this publication?

    <p>Expressing gratitude to contributors and promoting new technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cooperation was acknowledged by PCARRD and Pfizer, Inc. in the publication?

    <p>Collaboration with academic and government institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individuals were acknowledged for their support in publishing the document?

    <p>Universities and government officials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus area highlighted for livestock raised for different purposes?

    <p>Emergency handling procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the publication aim to improve in relation to animal health care?

    <p>Health status of livestock and poultry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage timing for the first dose of the anthrax vaccine?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration route for the hog cholera vaccine?

    <p>IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is the second dose of the swine foot and mouth disease vaccine typically given?

    <p>3-4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used for pseudorabies?

    <p>Inactivated in oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of animal is the transmissible gastroenteritis vaccine primarily administered?

    <p>Breeders and replacement gilts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration regarding the administration of the hog cholera vaccine?

    <p>Do not vaccinate pregnant animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should the vaccine for anthrax be administered after the initial dose in endemic zones?

    <p>Annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering the pseudorabies vaccine to breeders?

    <p>Control infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time frame is recommended for the second dose of the transmissible gastroenteritis vaccine?

    <p>6-7 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type is specifically not recommended for use during pregnancy in hog cholera?

    <p>Modified live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prior vaccination against P.multocida in animals?

    <p>It prevents the occurrence of hemorrhagic septicemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors must be fully understood to prevent the occurrence of diseases?

    <p>The relationship between the disease agent, the susceptible host, and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with high occurrences in livestock, particularly in tropical environments?

    <p>Coccidiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the high total reported cases of coccidiosis in the animal disease situation report?

    <p>A significant impact of environmental factors on animal health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the animal disease situation report, what does 'C' most likely represent?

    <p>Cases in cattle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic that combinations of vaccines should ensure?

    <p>They must cover multiple diseases without increasing adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can immunity to hemorrhagic septicemia be achieved in animals?

    <p>Through consistent and timely vaccinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of animal health care is crucial for mitigating the effects of diseases?

    <p>Management of disease agents along with susceptible hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a significant total reported for anthrax suggest?

    <p>It might indicate environmental contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases may show dual responses in terms of case severity represented by 'C' and 'D'?

    <p>Coryza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used for Avian encephalomyelitis?

    <p>Modified live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration route for Fowl cholera vaccination?

    <p>Intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the second dose of the Fowl herpes virus vaccine be administered?

    <p>5-6 weeks after the first dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is recommended for the first dose of the Egg drop syndrome vaccine?

    <p>12-14 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type is used in the vaccination against Fowl pox?

    <p>Modified live virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with the use of Reovirus vaccines?

    <p>Viral arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first dose timing for the Viral arthritis vaccine?

    <p>1-2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with layers and breeders after vaccination for Viral arthritis?

    <p>Cull infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What timing is prescribed for the second dose of the Fowl herpes virus vaccine?

    <p>5-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an administration route for the Egg drop syndrome vaccine?

    <p>Eyedrop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step that occurs when larvae of Toxocara vitulorum are ingested by a calf?

    <p>Larvae penetrate the wall of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes how larvae from the infective eggs can infect calves?

    <p>Larvae are transferred through milk or colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately happens to the eggs laid by adult worms in the small intestine?

    <p>They are excreted with feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After larvae penetrate the intestinal wall, where do they move to next in the life cycle of Toxocara vitulorum?

    <p>They travel to the lungs via blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the eggs that are ready to begin the next phase of the lifecycle of Toxocara vitulorum?

    <p>Embryonated eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antibiotic?

    <p>To inhibit the growth or kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a booster dose from the initial vaccination?

    <p>It is the second administration at intervals after the initial dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a substance that both prevents and halts the action of microorganisms?

    <p>Antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a bivalent vaccine?

    <p>It consists of two strains of the same microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of chemotherapeutic compounds?

    <p>To treat infectious diseases through chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of antiparasitic compounds?

    <p>They are effective against both internal and external parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the body forming an antitoxin?

    <p>It neutralizes the toxins from specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'chemoprophylaxis' primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>To prevent infectious diseases using chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action for oligodynamic metals like silver and copper?

    <p>Cell membrane destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concentration range is commonly used for acids as antiseptics?

    <p>0.1-5.0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of coal-tar derivatives in medical use?

    <p>Skin antiseptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the action of salicylanilides and carbanilides?

    <p>Inhibit cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what purpose are aromatic oils, especially pine oil, commonly used?

    <p>Disinfectants with soaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do acids have on bacterial and viral cells?

    <p>Destruction of cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of oligodynamic metals like mercury in health care?

    <p>Surgical instrument sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do aromatic oils function as disinfectants?

    <p>Mechanical effect inhibiting cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context are salicylanilides used aside from antiseptics?

    <p>In soaps and detergents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of coal-tar derivatives beyond skin antiseptics?

    <p>Disruption of cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colostrum primarily known for?

    <p>Providing essential immune bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a cold compress?

    <p>To apply pressure and cool an area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cytotoxic' refer to?

    <p>Having a lethal effect on cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of electrolytes in biological systems?

    <p>They become ionic conductors in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by gas accumulation intermixed with fluid in ruminants?

    <p>Frothy bloat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete fixation is primarily used for what purpose?

    <p>To facilitate the healing of fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dehydrated' indicate?

    <p>Deficiency in total body fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an inactivated vaccine?

    <p>Its disease-inducing ability has been destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a diluent in vaccine preparation?

    <p>To reconstitute vaccines or antibiotic powders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypersensitivity primarily associated with?

    <p>Abnormal responses to antigens or drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a highly immunogenic vaccine?

    <p>Stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a safety feature of an ideal vaccine?

    <p>Does not cause diseases in vaccinated animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to avoid vaccinating during very hot or wet weather?

    <p>Stress from heat or wetness can impair the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What guideline should be followed regarding the storage of vaccines?

    <p>Vaccines must be refrigerated or stored at cold temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect to check before using a vaccine?

    <p>Expiration date and for any signs of damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate way to transport vaccines?

    <p>In an ice chest or container packed with ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if an animal showing signs of stress is due for vaccination?

    <p>Delay vaccination until the animal is calm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason to check the vaccine contents before use?

    <p>To ascertain the necessity of using a diluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important feature of storage for both live and killed vaccines?

    <p>They must be kept in a refrigerator or at cold temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should veterinarians ensure before vaccinating an animal?

    <p>The animal has not been sick recently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of infective eggs in the life cycle of Toxocara vitulorum?

    <p>They are ingested by the calf and lead to adult worm development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of larvae passing out with milk or colostrum in cattle?

    <p>It allows the transmission of infective larvae to the calf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs after larvae are released in the small intestine of a host?

    <p>They penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adult Ascaris suis worms complete their life cycle?

    <p>Through laying eggs that are excreted with feces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial step occurs when a host ingests embryonated eggs of Toxocara vitulorum?

    <p>The larvae develop inside the egg before hatching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the Philippines Recommends publication for livestock and poultry care?

    <p>To provide a reference for basic veterinary practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the anticipated outcomes if backyard raisers adopt the recommended veterinary practices?

    <p>Growth in healthy and prolific livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a major issue for smallholder farmers in the Philippines regarding livestock and poultry management?

    <p>Financial losses due to diseases and parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Animal Health Division of Pfizer, Inc. as stated in the document?

    <p>To improve productivity of livestock and poultry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which farming approach suffers from financial losses due to outdated management practices?

    <p>Traditional livestock raising by smallholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is primarily targeted for dissemination in the veterinary guidelines?

    <p>Basic veterinary practices for primary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is highlighted about the livestock population in rural areas of the Philippines?

    <p>A decrease in the population of healthy livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be a clear indicator of the publication's success according to the expectations of the publishers?

    <p>Increase in the population of healthy livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key practice in preventing the occurrence of diseases among livestock?

    <p>Keeping susceptible animals in a safe place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injection is recommended to be administered under the skin?

    <p>Subcutaneous (SQ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an appropriate measure to reduce disease transmission in livestock?

    <p>Proper sanitation and disinfection of vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first dose timing for the Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in chickens?

    <p>1-6 weeks of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does herd immunization via vaccination play in livestock health?

    <p>It helps in the prevention of disease occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be utilized to control the population of disease vectors among livestock?

    <p>Using chemicals and biologicals for disinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step to ensure effective intramuscular (IM) injection in animals?

    <p>Inject into the muscle directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be done five days before or after vaccination with inactivated vaccine?

    <p>Medicate with antibacterial drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of a hygiene and sanitation program in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Implementation of veterinary medical interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper placement for a subcutaneous (SQ) injection in adults?

    <p>Behind the ear in loose skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help reduce the risk of contagion on farms?

    <p>Maintaining a clean and less crowded environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a guideline for administering injections to young animals?

    <p>Use flaps of loose skin in the flank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy is recommended for managing animal health effectively?

    <p>Integrating health care with management practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is characterized as being either live or inactivated in oil emulsion for chronic respiratory disease?

    <p>Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a measure to prevent disease occurrence among livestock?

    <p>Increasing animal population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a hygiene and sanitation program in veterinary intervention?

    <p>Promote the overall health and welfare of animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical in the timing of the 2nd dose for vaccinations such as for Mycoplasma pneumonia?

    <p>Administered 4 weeks after the 1st dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided during the administration of injections?

    <p>Injecting into contaminated areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a potential source of contamination in livestock management?

    <p>Mechanical carriers of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the condition of a vaccine be assessed before its use?

    <p>By observing physical clarity and storage conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of parasite burdens in livestock?

    <p>Decreased reproductive performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might upgrading indigenous breeds increase susceptibility to parasites?

    <p>Upgrading can lead to reduced resistance from selective breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines ectoparasites?

    <p>Parasites found on the external surfaces of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mechanical transmission of parasites occur?

    <p>Without the involvement of any organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an endoparasite?

    <p>Lungworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of total livestock value is estimated to be lost annually due to parasitism?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of implementing a parasite control program on farms?

    <p>Improvement in livestock productivity and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasites are characterized by living on the external surfaces of their hosts?

    <p>Ectoparasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In biological transmission, what role does the infective stage of the parasite have?

    <p>It requires another organism for establishment in the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor generally characterizes native breeds regarding parasites?

    <p>Natural resistance to the effects of parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammatory Cells

    • Cells like white blood cells migrate to injured tissue sites.
    • Their role is to destroy harmful agents and aid the healing process.

    Intermediate Host

    • Organisms like mammals or arthropods act as carriers of disease-causing agents.
    • These organisms house the asexual or larval stages of parasites.

    Intravenous Administration

    • Solutions or drugs are introduced into the bloodstream through veins.

    Jugular Furrows

    • Grooves along the ventral neck region.
    • Indicate the location of the jugular veins.

    Live Vaccine

    • Contains live organisms that multiply in the body.
    • These organisms stimulate antibody production to create immunity.

    Macrophage

    • Mononuclear white blood cells or histiocytes.
    • Function - Phagocytize (consume) particles.

    Mixed Vaccine

    • Consists of two or more distinct organisms.

    Modified Vaccine

    • A live organism vaccine where the ability to cause disease has been altered.

    Monovalent Vaccine

    • Contains a single strain of an organism.

    Necrotic Tissues

    • Dead tissues.

    Oxytocin

    • Stimulates uterine muscle contractions and milk ejection.

    Paralumbar Fossa

    • Located on both flanks.
    • Defined by the last rib anteriorly, lumbar processes dorsally, and the hip point posteriorly.

    Parasite Burden

    • The level of parasitism based on the total parasitic load.

    Paratenic Host

    • An organism that harbors the infective stage of a parasite.
    • No further parasite development occurs.
    • Infection is transmitted to the susceptible host.

    Parenteral Administration

    • Administration of drugs or compounds through routes other than oral.
    • Examples include intramuscular (I.M.) and intravenous (I.V.) injections.

    Peracute

    • Sudden occurrence.

    Permeability

    • The ability to penetrate cell membranes.

    Poultice

    • Soft mass (like pounded leaves or clay).
    • Typically heated and applied to sores or inflamed areas.
    • Functions include: moisture supply, warmth, pain relief, counter-irritant, and antiseptic.

    Reconstitution

    • The process of adding diluent to dehydrated preparations, e.g., freeze-dried vaccines.

    Rehydration

    • The process of restoring body fluids lost due to dehydration.

    Rumenotomy

    • Incision into the rumen, a part of the stomach in ruminant animals.

    Sedation

    • Inducing a relaxed state using sedatives.

    Sporulated Oocyst

    • The infective stage of coccidian parasites.
    • Occurs after spore formation.

    Subcutaneous Injection

    • Administration of drugs or compounds just beneath the skin.

    Transmissible Disease

    • A disease that spreads from one host to another (same or different species).

    Trivalent Vaccine

    • Contains a mixture of three different strains or biotypes of the same organism.

    Tympany

    • Excessively high gas accumulation in the rumen.

    Vaccinates

    • Animals that have been vaccinated.

    Vaccination

    • The process of administering a vaccine.

    Vaccine

    • A preparation of live, dead, inactivated, modified, or attenuated organisms.
    • Designed to induce immunity against a specific disease.

    Vector

    • An agent (often arthropods) that transmits a pathogen.
    • Can be mechanical (carrier) or biological (plays a role in the pathogen's life cycle).

    Virulent

    • Capable of causing disease.

    Bureau of Animal Industry

    • The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) is located in Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City.
    • The Director of BAI is Molina.

    Key Personnel

    • Dr. Ronello B. Abila is the Officer-in-Charge of the Animal Health Division at BAI.
    • Dr. Andrew M. Bernardo is an Assistant Professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College, Laguna.
    • Dr. Antonio A. Rayos is a Research Associate Professor at the Dairy Training and Research Institute, UPLB, College, Laguna.
    • Dr. Edwin C. Villar is the Director of the Livestock Research Division (LRD), PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.
    • Dr. Virginia M. Venturina is an Associate Professor at the College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
    • Dr. Jerosalem A. Arguzon is a Science Research Specialist at LRD, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.
    • Ricardo R. Argana is the Volume Editor and a Science Research Specialist II at the Applied Communication Division, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.

    Glossary of Terms

    • Agglutination: A reaction where particles suspended in liquid clump together.
    • Anaphylactic shock: A severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening.
    • Anthelmintic: A substance used to expel or destroy parasitic worms.
    • Anthelmintic resistance: When a population of worms becomes resistant to an anthelmintic drug.
    • Antibacterial action: Similar to bactericidal action, meaning killing bacteria.

    Composting Organic Wastes

    • Composting is the most practical method to dispose of organic wastes.
    • Regularly removing manure prevents soggy soil conditions, which can lead to foot rot in cattle and carabaos.

    Proper Disposal of Dead Animals

    • Dispose of dead animals properly to prevent the spread of disease.
    • Bury the animal at least 6ft deep with 1m of soil and rocks on top.
    • Pour creoline solution or lime over the cadaver.
    • Use stones to prevent dogs from digging up the burial site.
    • In certain situations, burn the cadaver completely to ashes.

    Water Quality and Supply

    • Water should be potable and free of contamination.
    • Cattle, carabaos, goats, and sheep should drink from sanitary wells or flowing clean water.
    • Avoid using stagnant water.

    Quarantining Sick Animals

    • Isolate sick animals from healthy animals to prevent the spread of diseases.

    Animal Grooming

    • Regularly grooming animals contributes to overall health and hygiene.

    Chemical Disinfectants

    • Acids (Inorganic and Organic): Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, carbolic acid, benzoic acid, and boric acid.
    • Coal-tar Derivatives: Phenol (carbolic acid), cresol, phenol bismuth, phenol diiodide, and para-nitrophenol.
    • Halogens: Bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine.
    • Oxidizing Agents: Chlorine, oxygen, ozone, perchloric acid, sodium bromate, sodium permanganate, and sodium peroxide.
    • Reducing Agents: Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and ethylene oxide.
    • Alkalines: Calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide.
    • Surface-active Agents: Anionics (true soaps, synthetic soaps, sulfonates), Cationics (quaternary ammonium germicides), and Nonionics (alkylated aryl polyether alcohol, polyethylene).

    Aromatic Oils

    • Camphor, peppermint, pine, cinnamon, and eucalyptus.

    Parasites in Livestock

    • Bovine Parasites:
      • Tropical Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus): Infects cattle and causes tick worry.
      • Biting Louse (Damalinia limbata): Infects cattle and causes unthriftiness.
      • Tropical Cattle Tick (Ornithonyssus Bursa): Infects cattle.
      • Large body Louse (Goniodes sp.): Infects poultry.
      • Large Roundworms (Ascaridia galli): Infects poultry.
      • Tapeworm (Raillietina sp.): Infects poultry.
      • Tapeworm (Moniezia sp.): Infects cattle.
      • Common Roundworm (Toxocara vitulorum): Infects cattle.
      • Amphistomes: Infects cattle.
      • Liver fluke (Fasciola sp.): Infects cattle.
      • Large Roundworm (Ascaris suis): Infects pigs.
      • Kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatus): Infects pigs.
      • Whipworm (Trichuris suis): Infects pigs.
      • Breezefly (Tabanus reduscens/Tabanus striatus): Causes fly worry and predisposes livestock to myiasis, secondary bacterial infections and diseases like Surra and Anaplasmosis.
      • Hornfly (Lyperosia exigua): Causes fly worry.
    • Sheep and Goat Parasites:
      • Tropical Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus): Infects sheep and goats and causes tick worry.
      • Biting Louse (Damalinia limbata): Infects sheep and goats and causes unthriftiness.
      • Biting Louse (Damalinia caprae): Infects sheep and goats.
      • Sucking Louse (Linognathus africanus): Infects sheep and goats.
      • Mange mite (Psoroptes communis): Infects sheep and goats and causes mange or scabies.
      • Mange mite (Psorochorioptes sp.): Infects sheep and goats.
      • Thrombidid sp.: Infects sheep and goats.
    • Modes of Parasite Transmission in Livestock and Poultry:
      • Ingestion of infective stage through food and water
      • Ingestion of infective stage through arthropods like grasshoppers, cockroaches, mites, beetles, ants, and dragonflies.
      • Ingestion of infective stage through snails, slugs, and earthworms.
      • Inoculation of infective stage through bites of arthropods like ticks and flies.
      • Penetration of the infective stage through the skin
      • Sucking louse
    • Animal Health Care Committee Members:
      • Chairman: Jose Q. Molina, Director of the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI).
      • Members: Ronello B. Abila, Andrew M. Bernardo, Antonio A. Rayos, Edwin C. Villar, Virginia M. Venturina, Jerosalem A. Arguzon, and Ricardo R. Argana.

    Diseases in Livestock

    • Poultry:
      • Marek's Disease: Caused by herpesvirus and treated with a live avirulent turkey herpesvirus vaccine.
      • Newcastle Disease: Caused by paramyxovirus, and treated with live mild and inactivated vaccines.
      • Gumboro Disease: Caused by birnavirus, and treated with live mild and inactivated vaccines.
      • Infectious Bronchitis: Caused by coronavirus, and treated with live monovalent and bivalent vaccines.
    • Cattle:
      • Liver Fluke: Caused by Fasciola sp., and transmitted through ingestion of metacercariae.

    Key Terms

    • Anaphylactic shock: An exaggerated reaction to foreign protein, commonly seen with parenteral injections or vaccine administration.
    • Anthelmintic: A substance used to expel or destroy parasitic worms, especially in the intestines.
    • Anthelmintic resistance: A state where an increasing number of individuals within a population can tolerate doses of an anthelmintic compound.
    • Agglutination: A reaction where particles in liquid clump together. This can be used to detect certain pathogens or antibodies by clumping red blood cells, bacteria, virus particles or rickettsiae.
    • Antibacterial action: The process of killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

    Animal Health Publication

    • This publication is a collaborative effort between several veterinary and agricultural institutions in the Philippines.
    • The publication provides relevant information on animal hygiene, sanitation, vaccination, parasite control, preventive medication, and emergency procedures for livestock and poultry raised for various purposes.
    • The ultimate goal of this publication is to improve the health status of livestock and poultry in order to enhance production for meat, egg, milk, and draft power.

    Key Contributors

    • The Animal Health Division, Pfizer, Inc. expresses gratitude to the Animal Health Care Committee 2001 for preparing this publication.
    • The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Pfizer, Inc. gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the University of the Philippines Los Baños, Central Luzon State University, and the Bureau of Animal Industry – Department of Agriculture for allowing their staff to participate in the publication's revision.

    Glossary of Terms

    • Sedation: inducing a relaxed state through the use of sedatives.
    • Sporulated oocyst: the infective stage of coccidian parasites that has undergone division through spore formation.
    • Subcutaneous injection: administering drugs or compounds just beneath the skin.
    • Transmissible disease: a disease that spreads from one host to another, whether of the same or different species.
    • Trivalent vaccine: a vaccine containing a mixture of three different strains or biotypes of the same organism.
    • Tympany: excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen.
    • Vaccinates: animals that have been vaccinated.
    • Vaccination: the process of administering a vaccine.
    • Vaccine: a preparation containing live, dead, inactivated, modified, or attenuated organisms designed to induce immunity to a specific disease.
    • Vector: an agent (usually arthropods) capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another, either mechanically as a carrier or biologically by playing a specific role in the pathogen's life cycle.
    • Virulent: capable of causing disease.

    Livestock Diseases

    • Livestock diseases pose a significant threat to farmers and their productivity.
    • Good livestock husbandry practices are essential for ensuring optimal production.
    • In commercial farms, animal health plays a crucial role in productivity.
    • Tropical climates, like those found in the Philippines, are conducive to the growth and propagation of pathogens, making the environment rife with diseases and their vectors.
    • Major livestock diseases of economic importance in the Philippines include Foot and Mouth Disease, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Hog Cholera, and Newcastle Disease.
    • Anthrax, a livestock disease with primary public health importance, is found primarily in mountainous areas of northern Luzon.

    Disease Causation

    • The mere presence of a disease agent does not always lead to disease.
    • For example, Pasteurella multocida is a natural inhabitant of the respiratory system of large ruminants, but it only causes Pasteurellosis under stressful conditions that weaken the animal's natural defenses.

    Parasite Infections

    • Parasite infections can be acquired through various ways, including:
      • Ingestion of infective stages through food and water
      • Ingestion of infective stages through arthropods (e.g., grasshoppers, cockroaches, mites, beetles, ants, dragonflies)
      • Ingestion of infective stages through snails, slugs, and earthworms
      • Inoculation of infective stages through bites of arthropods (e.g., ticks and flies)
      • Penetration of infective stages through the skin

    Important Parasite Examples

    • Cattle Ectoparasites:

      • Sucking louse (Linognathus vituli): Long-nosed cattle louse
      • Biting louse (Bovicola bovis): Biting louse
      • Mange mites (Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes communis, Chorioptes bovis, Demodex bovis): Causes cattle scab, mange, or itch, which can lead to anemia.
      • Biting/Blood Sucking Flies (Tabanus reduscens, Tabanus striatus, Lyperosia exigua, Stomoxys calcitrans, Simulium sp. [Blackfly/Buffalo gnat], Culex sp. [Mosquito]): Can cause fly worry, predispose to myiasis, and contribute to secondary bacterial infections.
      • Myiasis Flies (Chrysomyia bezziana [Screw worm fly], Booponus intonsus [Philippine foot maggot fly], Calliphora sp. [Blue bottle fly], Lucilia sp. [Green bottle fly], Sarcophaga sp. [Flesh fly]): Responsible for myiasis.

    • Sheep and Goat Ectoparasites:

      • Ticks (Boophilus microplus): Tropical cattle tick, causes tick worry.
      • Lice (Damalinia limbata, Damalinia caprae, Linognathus africanus): Biting louse, contributes to unthriftiness and poor coat.
      • Mange mites (Psoroptes communis var. caprae, Psorochorioptes sp., Thrombidid sp.): Causes mange or scabies.

    Animal Health Publication

    • This publication focuses on animal hygiene, sanitation, vaccination, parasite control, preventive medication, and emergency case handling for livestock and poultry.
    • It was prepared by a committee of experts from several institutions including the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Central Luzon State University (CLSU), and the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI).
    • The publication aims to promote good animal health for various purposes such as meat, egg, and milk production, as well as draft power.

    ### Acknowledgments

    • Pfizer, Inc. acknowledges the Animal Health Care Committee 2001 for preparing the publication.
    • The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Pfizer, Inc. acknowledge the cooperation of the University of the Philippines Los Baños, Central Luzon State University, and the Bureau of Animal Industry for providing staff to serve on the Technical Committee for the revision of this publication.

    Prevention of Disease

    • Preventing disease requires understanding the relationship between the disease agent, the susceptible host, and the environment.
    • The publication includes a table reporting on disease prevalence in 2000, outlining the occurrences of various diseases including coccidiosis, malaria, anthrax, blackleg, coryza, and others.
    • The publication also includes a table detailing the recommended vaccination schedule for various diseases affecting swine and poultry, including the causative agent, vaccine type, recommended route of administration, first and subsequent doses, and specific remarks.
    • The publication provides detailed guidelines for the administration of intravenous and intramuscular injections.

    ### Quality of Vaccines

    • The publication emphasizes the importance of high-quality vaccines and provides key considerations for selecting an ideal vaccine.
    • An excellent vaccine is highly immunogenic meaning it should induce high levels of protective antibodies in vaccinated animals.
    • An excellent vaccine should also be safe, meaning it does not induce disease, does not spread infection, does not revert to a virulent state, and does not contain contaminants.
    • Additionally, it should be stable in storage, affordable, and easy to administer.

    Vaccination Guidelines

    • The publication highlights the importance of vaccinating only healthy animals.
    • Vaccinating during extreme weather conditions should be avoided.
    • The publication emphasizes the importance of avoiding stress on the animal during vaccination.
    • It strongly advises against using expired vaccines or those with broken seals.
    • Vaccines should be stored in the refrigerator or at a cold temperature, and transported in an ice chest or covered container.
    • The publication also includes a table summarizing the recommended vaccination schedules for specific diseases affecting swine and poultry.

    Antimicrobials

    • Bactericidal - Kills bacteria
    • Bacteriostatic - Inhibits the growth of microorganisms
    • Antibiotic - A substance produced by molds that inhibits the growth or kills bacteria
    • Antibody - A type of globulin produced in response to infection or antigens; neutralizes toxins, agglutinates bacteria, and precipitates soluble antigens
    • Antiparasitic Compounds - Expel and/or kill parasites
    • Antiseptic - Prevents or arrests the growth of microorganisms
    • Antitoxin - Antibody formed in response to a toxin; used to counteract the same toxin in others

    Vaccination Terms

    • Attenuated Vaccine - Vaccine where the virulence of its microorganism content has been reduced
    • Avirulent - Incapable of causing disease
    • Bacterin - Suspension of killed or attenuated bacteria; stimulates immunity
    • Bivalent Vaccine - Immunizing agent containing two strains of the same microorganism
    • Booster Dose - Subsequent administration of a vaccine to increase protection
    • Broad Spectrum Antibiotic - An antibiotic active against a wide range of microorganisms
    • Broad Spectrum Dewormer - Dewormer capable of destroying different types of parasites
    • Inactivated Vaccine - Vaccine where the disease-inducing ability of its microorganism content has been destroyed

    Other Terms Defined

    • Carcinogenic - Producing or tending to produce cancer
    • Charred - Burned to ashes
    • Chemoprophylaxis - Infectious disease prevention by chemical agents
    • Chemotherapeutic Compounds - Chemicals used to treat infectious disease
    • Chemotherapy - Treatment of infectious disease through chemicals
    • Cold Compress - Application of ice packs to an injured area for a specific time with pressure
    • Colostrum - Milk produced during the first three to five days after parturition; contains high protein, vitamins, minerals, and antibodies
    • Complete Fixation - Immobilizing broken body parts to enable complete approximation of the fractured edges
    • Cut-and-Carry - Feeding method involving cutting forage and providing it fresh to confined animals
    • Cytotoxic - Lethal to cells
    • Decoction - Liquid preparation made by boiling a medicinal plant with water
    • Dehydrated - State of total deficient body fluid volume
    • Diluent - Inert fluid used to reconstitute vaccines or antibiotic powder preparations
    • Disease Agent - Any physical, chemical, electromagnetic, or biological agent capable of causing disease
    • Disinfection - Substance that inhibits or destroys microorganisms and their spores
    • Electrolytes - Substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in a solvent or when fused
    • Frothy Bloat - Condition in ruminants characterized by gas accumulation interspersed with fluid, causing foaming
    • Gag - Device used to keep the mouth open
    • Genetic Potential - Desired traits possessed by an individual acquired from one or both parents
    • Hemagglutination - Aggregation or clumping of red blood cells
    • Hemolytic Enzymes - Substances capable of destroying red blood corpuscles
    • Hiplock - Enlargement between the hips of the mother and offspring that can lead to a difficult birth
    • Hygiene - Practices conducive to health
    • Hypersensitivity - Abnormal response to an antigen, drug, or other agents (e.g., allergy)
    • Immunoresponsive Cells - Cells of blood and the reticuloendothelial system capable of responding to antigenic stimuli

    Vaccines

    • Features of an Excellent Vaccine

      • High immunogenicity (at least 95% protection)
      • Stimulates adequate antibody levels
      • Stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses
      • Safe (does not produce disease, spread infection, induce carrier state, revert to virulent state, cause toxic reactions, or allergic reactions)
      • Stable in storage
      • Cheap

    • Guidelines for Vaccination/Use of Vaccines

      • Vaccinate only healthy animals
      • Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather
      • Avoid stress on the animal during vaccination
      • Do not use expired vaccines
      • Store vaccines in a refrigerator or at cold temperatures
      • Transport vaccines in an ice chest or with cracked ice

    Parasites

    • Toxocara vitulorum Life Cycle

      • Infective eggs are ingested by the calf
      • Larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate to the liver, then lungs
      • Larvae travel to the trachea, are swallowed, and mature in the small intestine of the calf
      • Adult worms lay eggs that pass out with manure, infecting pastures

    • Ascaris suis Life Cycle

      • Larvae develop inside eggs
      • Eggs are ingested by the host
      • Larvae are released in the small intestine and penetrate the intestinal wall
      • Larvae travel to the liver and lungs via the blood
      • Larvae in the lungs migrate to the trachea, are swallowed, and mature in the small intestine

    Animal Health in the Philippines

    • Poor animal health practices among smallholder farmers lead to financial losses due to diseases and parasites.
    • This text aims to guide livestock and poultry technicians, technologists, and farmers with basic veterinary practices for primary animal healthcare.

    Improving Animal Health

    • Encourage adoption of preventive veterinary interventions and acceptable practices in animal production
    • Increase healthy, vigorous, and prolific livestock and poultry populations in the countryside
    • Reduce financial losses due to diseases and parasitism

    Key Topics

    • Hygiene and Sanitation program
    • Parasite control programs

    Parasite Control Programs

    • Economic Losses: Parasite burdens result in decreased body weight, milk production, organ condemnation, feed conversion efficiency, reproductive performance and reduced resistance to other infections.
    • Types of parasites:
      • Ectoparasites: Live on external surfaces of the body like lice, ticks, mites, and flies
      • Endoparasites: Inhabit internal organs like lungworms, liverflukes, kidney worms, and intestinal worms
    • Modes of transmission:
      • Mechanical transmission: Infective stage of the parasite enters the animal's body directly, without involvement of another organism. This applies to parasites with direct life cycles.
      • Biological transmission: Infective stage of the parasite develops in another organism, which then transmits the parasite to the susceptible host. This applies to parasites with indirect life cycles.

    Importance of Parasite Control

    • Prevent economic losses: Reduce financial losses due to parasite-induced health problems
    • Improve animal productivity: Increases overall animal health and performance
    • Upgrading indigenous breeds: Indigenous breeds are naturally resistant to parasites. However, upgrading to other breeds may result in increased susceptibility to parasite diseases.

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