Animal Health Care

Inflammatory Cells

• Cells like white blood cells migrate to injured tissue sites.
• Their role is to destroy harmful agents and aid the healing process.

Intermediate Host

• Organisms like mammals or arthropods act as carriers of disease-causing agents.
• These organisms house the asexual or larval stages of parasites.

Intravenous Administration

• Solutions or drugs are introduced into the bloodstream through veins.

Jugular Furrows

• Grooves along the ventral neck region.
• Indicate the location of the jugular veins.

Live Vaccine

• Contains live organisms that multiply in the body.
• These organisms stimulate antibody production to create immunity.

Macrophage

• Mononuclear white blood cells or histiocytes.
• Function - Phagocytize (consume) particles.

Mixed Vaccine

• Consists of two or more distinct organisms.

Modified Vaccine

• A live organism vaccine where the ability to cause disease has been altered.

Monovalent Vaccine

• Contains a single strain of an organism.

Necrotic Tissues

• Dead tissues.

Oxytocin

• Stimulates uterine muscle contractions and milk ejection.

Paralumbar Fossa

• Located on both flanks.
• Defined by the last rib anteriorly, lumbar processes dorsally, and the hip point posteriorly.

Parasite Burden

• The level of parasitism based on the total parasitic load.

Paratenic Host

• An organism that harbors the infective stage of a parasite.
• No further parasite development occurs.
• Infection is transmitted to the susceptible host.

Parenteral Administration

• Administration of drugs or compounds through routes other than oral.
• Examples include intramuscular (I.M.) and intravenous (I.V.) injections.

Peracute

• Sudden occurrence.

Permeability

• The ability to penetrate cell membranes.

Poultice

• Soft mass (like pounded leaves or clay).
• Typically heated and applied to sores or inflamed areas.
• Functions include: moisture supply, warmth, pain relief, counter-irritant, and antiseptic.

Reconstitution

• The process of adding diluent to dehydrated preparations, e.g., freeze-dried vaccines.

Rehydration

• The process of restoring body fluids lost due to dehydration.

Rumenotomy

• Incision into the rumen, a part of the stomach in ruminant animals.

Sedation

• Inducing a relaxed state using sedatives.

Sporulated Oocyst

• The infective stage of coccidian parasites.
• Occurs after spore formation.

Subcutaneous Injection

• Administration of drugs or compounds just beneath the skin.

Transmissible Disease

• A disease that spreads from one host to another (same or different species).

Trivalent Vaccine

• Contains a mixture of three different strains or biotypes of the same organism.

Tympany

• Excessively high gas accumulation in the rumen.

Vaccinates

• Animals that have been vaccinated.

Vaccination

• The process of administering a vaccine.

Vaccine

• A preparation of live, dead, inactivated, modified, or attenuated organisms.
• Designed to induce immunity against a specific disease.

Vector

• An agent (often arthropods) that transmits a pathogen.
• Can be mechanical (carrier) or biological (plays a role in the pathogen's life cycle).

Virulent

• Capable of causing disease.

Bureau of Animal Industry

• The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) is located in Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City.
• The Director of BAI is Molina.

Key Personnel

• Dr. Ronello B. Abila is the Officer-in-Charge of the Animal Health Division at BAI.
• Dr. Andrew M. Bernardo is an Assistant Professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College, Laguna.
• Dr. Antonio A. Rayos is a Research Associate Professor at the Dairy Training and Research Institute, UPLB, College, Laguna.
• Dr. Edwin C. Villar is the Director of the Livestock Research Division (LRD), PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.
• Dr. Virginia M. Venturina is an Associate Professor at the College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
• Dr. Jerosalem A. Arguzon is a Science Research Specialist at LRD, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.
• Ricardo R. Argana is the Volume Editor and a Science Research Specialist II at the Applied Communication Division, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.

Glossary of Terms

• Agglutination: A reaction where particles suspended in liquid clump together.
• Anaphylactic shock: A severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening.
• Anthelmintic: A substance used to expel or destroy parasitic worms.
• Anthelmintic resistance: When a population of worms becomes resistant to an anthelmintic drug.
• Antibacterial action: Similar to bactericidal action, meaning killing bacteria.

Composting Organic Wastes

• Composting is the most practical method to dispose of organic wastes.
• Regularly removing manure prevents soggy soil conditions, which can lead to foot rot in cattle and carabaos.

Proper Disposal of Dead Animals

• Dispose of dead animals properly to prevent the spread of disease.
• Bury the animal at least 6ft deep with 1m of soil and rocks on top.
• Pour creoline solution or lime over the cadaver.
• Use stones to prevent dogs from digging up the burial site.
• In certain situations, burn the cadaver completely to ashes.

Water Quality and Supply

• Water should be potable and free of contamination.
• Cattle, carabaos, goats, and sheep should drink from sanitary wells or flowing clean water.
• Avoid using stagnant water.

Quarantining Sick Animals

• Isolate sick animals from healthy animals to prevent the spread of diseases.

Animal Grooming

• Regularly grooming animals contributes to overall health and hygiene.

Chemical Disinfectants

• Acids (Inorganic and Organic): Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, carbolic acid, benzoic acid, and boric acid.
• Coal-tar Derivatives: Phenol (carbolic acid), cresol, phenol bismuth, phenol diiodide, and para-nitrophenol.
• Halogens: Bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine.
• Oxidizing Agents: Chlorine, oxygen, ozone, perchloric acid, sodium bromate, sodium permanganate, and sodium peroxide.
• Reducing Agents: Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and ethylene oxide.
• Alkalines: Calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide.
• Surface-active Agents: Anionics (true soaps, synthetic soaps, sulfonates), Cationics (quaternary ammonium germicides), and Nonionics (alkylated aryl polyether alcohol, polyethylene).

Aromatic Oils

• Camphor, peppermint, pine, cinnamon, and eucalyptus.

Parasites in Livestock

• Bovine Parasites:
  • Tropical Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus): Infects cattle and causes tick worry.
  • Biting Louse (Damalinia limbata): Infects cattle and causes unthriftiness.
  • Tropical Cattle Tick (Ornithonyssus Bursa): Infects cattle.
  • Large body Louse (Goniodes sp.): Infects poultry.
  • Large Roundworms (Ascaridia galli): Infects poultry.
  • Tapeworm (Raillietina sp.): Infects poultry.
  • Tapeworm (Moniezia sp.): Infects cattle.
  • Common Roundworm (Toxocara vitulorum): Infects cattle.
  • Amphistomes: Infects cattle.
  • Liver fluke (Fasciola sp.): Infects cattle.
  • Large Roundworm (Ascaris suis): Infects pigs.
  • Kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatus): Infects pigs.
  • Whipworm (Trichuris suis): Infects pigs.
  • Breezefly (Tabanus reduscens/Tabanus striatus): Causes fly worry and predisposes livestock to myiasis, secondary bacterial infections and diseases like Surra and Anaplasmosis.
  • Hornfly (Lyperosia exigua): Causes fly worry.
• Sheep and Goat Parasites:
  • Tropical Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus): Infects sheep and goats and causes tick worry.
  • Biting Louse (Damalinia limbata): Infects sheep and goats and causes unthriftiness.
  • Biting Louse (Damalinia caprae): Infects sheep and goats.
  • Sucking Louse (Linognathus africanus): Infects sheep and goats.
  • Mange mite (Psoroptes communis): Infects sheep and goats and causes mange or scabies.
  • Mange mite (Psorochorioptes sp.): Infects sheep and goats.
  • Thrombidid sp.: Infects sheep and goats.
• Modes of Parasite Transmission in Livestock and Poultry:
  • Ingestion of infective stage through food and water
  • Ingestion of infective stage through arthropods like grasshoppers, cockroaches, mites, beetles, ants, and dragonflies.
  • Ingestion of infective stage through snails, slugs, and earthworms.
  • Inoculation of infective stage through bites of arthropods like ticks and flies.
  • Penetration of the infective stage through the skin
  • Sucking louse
• Animal Health Care Committee Members:
  • Chairman: Jose Q. Molina, Director of the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI).
  • Members: Ronello B. Abila, Andrew M. Bernardo, Antonio A. Rayos, Edwin C. Villar, Virginia M. Venturina, Jerosalem A. Arguzon, and Ricardo R. Argana.

Diseases in Livestock

• Poultry:
  • Marek's Disease: Caused by herpesvirus and treated with a live avirulent turkey herpesvirus vaccine.
  • Newcastle Disease: Caused by paramyxovirus, and treated with live mild and inactivated vaccines.
  • Gumboro Disease: Caused by birnavirus, and treated with live mild and inactivated vaccines.
  • Infectious Bronchitis: Caused by coronavirus, and treated with live monovalent and bivalent vaccines.
• Cattle:
  • Liver Fluke: Caused by Fasciola sp., and transmitted through ingestion of metacercariae.

Key Terms

• Anaphylactic shock: An exaggerated reaction to foreign protein, commonly seen with parenteral injections or vaccine administration.
• Anthelmintic: A substance used to expel or destroy parasitic worms, especially in the intestines.
• Anthelmintic resistance: A state where an increasing number of individuals within a population can tolerate doses of an anthelmintic compound.
• Agglutination: A reaction where particles in liquid clump together. This can be used to detect certain pathogens or antibodies by clumping red blood cells, bacteria, virus particles or rickettsiae.
• Antibacterial action: The process of killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

Animal Health Publication

• This publication is a collaborative effort between several veterinary and agricultural institutions in the Philippines.
• The publication provides relevant information on animal hygiene, sanitation, vaccination, parasite control, preventive medication, and emergency procedures for livestock and poultry raised for various purposes.
• The ultimate goal of this publication is to improve the health status of livestock and poultry in order to enhance production for meat, egg, milk, and draft power.

Key Contributors

• The Animal Health Division, Pfizer, Inc. expresses gratitude to the Animal Health Care Committee 2001 for preparing this publication.
• The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Pfizer, Inc. gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the University of the Philippines Los Baños, Central Luzon State University, and the Bureau of Animal Industry – Department of Agriculture for allowing their staff to participate in the publication's revision.

Glossary of Terms

• Sedation: inducing a relaxed state through the use of sedatives.
• Sporulated oocyst: the infective stage of coccidian parasites that has undergone division through spore formation.
• Subcutaneous injection: administering drugs or compounds just beneath the skin.
• Transmissible disease: a disease that spreads from one host to another, whether of the same or different species.
• Trivalent vaccine: a vaccine containing a mixture of three different strains or biotypes of the same organism.
• Tympany: excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen.
• Vaccinates: animals that have been vaccinated.
• Vaccination: the process of administering a vaccine.
• Vaccine: a preparation containing live, dead, inactivated, modified, or attenuated organisms designed to induce immunity to a specific disease.
• Vector: an agent (usually arthropods) capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another, either mechanically as a carrier or biologically by playing a specific role in the pathogen's life cycle.
• Virulent: capable of causing disease.

Livestock Diseases

• Livestock diseases pose a significant threat to farmers and their productivity.
• Good livestock husbandry practices are essential for ensuring optimal production.
• In commercial farms, animal health plays a crucial role in productivity.
• Tropical climates, like those found in the Philippines, are conducive to the growth and propagation of pathogens, making the environment rife with diseases and their vectors.
• Major livestock diseases of economic importance in the Philippines include Foot and Mouth Disease, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Hog Cholera, and Newcastle Disease.
• Anthrax, a livestock disease with primary public health importance, is found primarily in mountainous areas of northern Luzon.

Disease Causation

• The mere presence of a disease agent does not always lead to disease.
• For example, Pasteurella multocida is a natural inhabitant of the respiratory system of large ruminants, but it only causes Pasteurellosis under stressful conditions that weaken the animal's natural defenses.

Parasite Infections

• Parasite infections can be acquired through various ways, including:
  • Ingestion of infective stages through food and water
  • Ingestion of infective stages through arthropods (e.g., grasshoppers, cockroaches, mites, beetles, ants, dragonflies)
  • Ingestion of infective stages through snails, slugs, and earthworms
  • Inoculation of infective stages through bites of arthropods (e.g., ticks and flies)
  • Penetration of infective stages through the skin

Important Parasite Examples

• Cattle Ectoparasites:

  • Sucking louse (Linognathus vituli): Long-nosed cattle louse
  • Biting louse (Bovicola bovis): Biting louse
  • Mange mites (Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes communis, Chorioptes bovis, Demodex bovis): Causes cattle scab, mange, or itch, which can lead to anemia.
  • Biting/Blood Sucking Flies (Tabanus reduscens, Tabanus striatus, Lyperosia exigua, Stomoxys calcitrans, Simulium sp. [Blackfly/Buffalo gnat], Culex sp. [Mosquito]): Can cause fly worry, predispose to myiasis, and contribute to secondary bacterial infections.
  • Myiasis Flies (Chrysomyia bezziana [Screw worm fly], Booponus intonsus [Philippine foot maggot fly], Calliphora sp. [Blue bottle fly], Lucilia sp. [Green bottle fly], Sarcophaga sp. [Flesh fly]): Responsible for myiasis.

• Sheep and Goat Ectoparasites:

  • Ticks (Boophilus microplus): Tropical cattle tick, causes tick worry.
  • Lice (Damalinia limbata, Damalinia caprae, Linognathus africanus): Biting louse, contributes to unthriftiness and poor coat.
  • Mange mites (Psoroptes communis var. caprae, Psorochorioptes sp., Thrombidid sp.): Causes mange or scabies.

Animal Health Publication

• This publication focuses on animal hygiene, sanitation, vaccination, parasite control, preventive medication, and emergency case handling for livestock and poultry.
• It was prepared by a committee of experts from several institutions including the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Central Luzon State University (CLSU), and the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI).
• The publication aims to promote good animal health for various purposes such as meat, egg, and milk production, as well as draft power.

### Acknowledgments

• Pfizer, Inc. acknowledges the Animal Health Care Committee 2001 for preparing the publication.
• The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and Pfizer, Inc. acknowledge the cooperation of the University of the Philippines Los Baños, Central Luzon State University, and the Bureau of Animal Industry for providing staff to serve on the Technical Committee for the revision of this publication.

Prevention of Disease

• Preventing disease requires understanding the relationship between the disease agent, the susceptible host, and the environment.
• The publication includes a table reporting on disease prevalence in 2000, outlining the occurrences of various diseases including coccidiosis, malaria, anthrax, blackleg, coryza, and others.
• The publication also includes a table detailing the recommended vaccination schedule for various diseases affecting swine and poultry, including the causative agent, vaccine type, recommended route of administration, first and subsequent doses, and specific remarks.
• The publication provides detailed guidelines for the administration of intravenous and intramuscular injections.

### Quality of Vaccines

• The publication emphasizes the importance of high-quality vaccines and provides key considerations for selecting an ideal vaccine.
• An excellent vaccine is highly immunogenic meaning it should induce high levels of protective antibodies in vaccinated animals.
• An excellent vaccine should also be safe, meaning it does not induce disease, does not spread infection, does not revert to a virulent state, and does not contain contaminants.
• Additionally, it should be stable in storage, affordable, and easy to administer.

Vaccination Guidelines

• The publication highlights the importance of vaccinating only healthy animals.
• Vaccinating during extreme weather conditions should be avoided.
• The publication emphasizes the importance of avoiding stress on the animal during vaccination.
• It strongly advises against using expired vaccines or those with broken seals.
• Vaccines should be stored in the refrigerator or at a cold temperature, and transported in an ice chest or covered container.
• The publication also includes a table summarizing the recommended vaccination schedules for specific diseases affecting swine and poultry.

Antimicrobials

• Bactericidal - Kills bacteria
• Bacteriostatic - Inhibits the growth of microorganisms
• Antibiotic - A substance produced by molds that inhibits the growth or kills bacteria
• Antibody - A type of globulin produced in response to infection or antigens; neutralizes toxins, agglutinates bacteria, and precipitates soluble antigens
• Antiparasitic Compounds - Expel and/or kill parasites
• Antiseptic - Prevents or arrests the growth of microorganisms
• Antitoxin - Antibody formed in response to a toxin; used to counteract the same toxin in others

Vaccination Terms

• Attenuated Vaccine - Vaccine where the virulence of its microorganism content has been reduced
• Avirulent - Incapable of causing disease
• Bacterin - Suspension of killed or attenuated bacteria; stimulates immunity
• Bivalent Vaccine - Immunizing agent containing two strains of the same microorganism
• Booster Dose - Subsequent administration of a vaccine to increase protection
• Broad Spectrum Antibiotic - An antibiotic active against a wide range of microorganisms
• Broad Spectrum Dewormer - Dewormer capable of destroying different types of parasites
• Inactivated Vaccine - Vaccine where the disease-inducing ability of its microorganism content has been destroyed

Other Terms Defined

• Carcinogenic - Producing or tending to produce cancer
• Charred - Burned to ashes
• Chemoprophylaxis - Infectious disease prevention by chemical agents
• Chemotherapeutic Compounds - Chemicals used to treat infectious disease
• Chemotherapy - Treatment of infectious disease through chemicals
• Cold Compress - Application of ice packs to an injured area for a specific time with pressure
• Colostrum - Milk produced during the first three to five days after parturition; contains high protein, vitamins, minerals, and antibodies
• Complete Fixation - Immobilizing broken body parts to enable complete approximation of the fractured edges
• Cut-and-Carry - Feeding method involving cutting forage and providing it fresh to confined animals
• Cytotoxic - Lethal to cells
• Decoction - Liquid preparation made by boiling a medicinal plant with water
• Dehydrated - State of total deficient body fluid volume
• Diluent - Inert fluid used to reconstitute vaccines or antibiotic powder preparations
• Disease Agent - Any physical, chemical, electromagnetic, or biological agent capable of causing disease
• Disinfection - Substance that inhibits or destroys microorganisms and their spores
• Electrolytes - Substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in a solvent or when fused
• Frothy Bloat - Condition in ruminants characterized by gas accumulation interspersed with fluid, causing foaming
• Gag - Device used to keep the mouth open
• Genetic Potential - Desired traits possessed by an individual acquired from one or both parents
• Hemagglutination - Aggregation or clumping of red blood cells
• Hemolytic Enzymes - Substances capable of destroying red blood corpuscles
• Hiplock - Enlargement between the hips of the mother and offspring that can lead to a difficult birth
• Hygiene - Practices conducive to health
• Hypersensitivity - Abnormal response to an antigen, drug, or other agents (e.g., allergy)
• Immunoresponsive Cells - Cells of blood and the reticuloendothelial system capable of responding to antigenic stimuli

Vaccines

• Features of an Excellent Vaccine

  • High immunogenicity (at least 95% protection)
  • Stimulates adequate antibody levels
  • Stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses
  • Safe (does not produce disease, spread infection, induce carrier state, revert to virulent state, cause toxic reactions, or allergic reactions)
  • Stable in storage
  • Cheap

• Guidelines for Vaccination/Use of Vaccines

  • Vaccinate only healthy animals
  • Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather
  • Avoid stress on the animal during vaccination
  • Do not use expired vaccines
  • Store vaccines in a refrigerator or at cold temperatures
  • Transport vaccines in an ice chest or with cracked ice

Parasites

• Toxocara vitulorum Life Cycle

  • Infective eggs are ingested by the calf
  • Larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate to the liver, then lungs
  • Larvae travel to the trachea, are swallowed, and mature in the small intestine of the calf
  • Adult worms lay eggs that pass out with manure, infecting pastures

• Ascaris suis Life Cycle

  • Larvae develop inside eggs
  • Eggs are ingested by the host
  • Larvae are released in the small intestine and penetrate the intestinal wall
  • Larvae travel to the liver and lungs via the blood
  • Larvae in the lungs migrate to the trachea, are swallowed, and mature in the small intestine

Animal Health in the Philippines

• Poor animal health practices among smallholder farmers lead to financial losses due to diseases and parasites.
• This text aims to guide livestock and poultry technicians, technologists, and farmers with basic veterinary practices for primary animal healthcare.

Improving Animal Health

• Encourage adoption of preventive veterinary interventions and acceptable practices in animal production
• Increase healthy, vigorous, and prolific livestock and poultry populations in the countryside
• Reduce financial losses due to diseases and parasitism

Key Topics

• Hygiene and Sanitation program
• Parasite control programs

Parasite Control Programs

• Economic Losses: Parasite burdens result in decreased body weight, milk production, organ condemnation, feed conversion efficiency, reproductive performance and reduced resistance to other infections.
• Types of parasites:
  • Ectoparasites: Live on external surfaces of the body like lice, ticks, mites, and flies
  • Endoparasites: Inhabit internal organs like lungworms, liverflukes, kidney worms, and intestinal worms
• Modes of transmission:
  • Mechanical transmission: Infective stage of the parasite enters the animal's body directly, without involvement of another organism. This applies to parasites with direct life cycles.
  • Biological transmission: Infective stage of the parasite develops in another organism, which then transmits the parasite to the susceptible host. This applies to parasites with indirect life cycles.

Importance of Parasite Control

• Prevent economic losses: Reduce financial losses due to parasite-induced health problems
• Improve animal productivity: Increases overall animal health and performance
• Upgrading indigenous breeds: Indigenous breeds are naturally resistant to parasites. However, upgrading to other breeds may result in increased susceptibility to parasite diseases.