Animal Stress and Immune Response Quiz

A gene that influences the function of a chloride channel protein, leading to muscle freezing or immobility due to chloride accumulation.

A measurable substance in an organism that indicates the presence of a condition, disease, or environmental exposure.

A biomarker of stress that reflects a systemic response, affecting the entire body.

A biomarker of stress that indicates a localized response, affecting a specific area of the body.

The process of measuring and analyzing the number of somatic cells in a biological sample, often used in dairy cattle to detect mastitis.

A condition in dairy cattle characterized by inflammation of the mammary gland, often indicated by elevated somatic cell count.

A state of learned helplessness where an individual stops trying to escape an aversive situation, even when opportunities are available.

The ability to monitor and measure changes in an animal's behavior in real-time, providing insights into their health and well-being.

The ability of an organism to produce an immune response following exposure to an antigen (e.g., vaccine, pathogen).

The amount of antibody present in an organism's blood, indicating the level of immune response.

A measure of the effectiveness of an immune response in protecting against disease.

An experimental procedure to assess an organism's immune response by exposing it to a known challenge, like a pathogen or a stressor.

A type of immune challenge that involves injecting a bacterial toxin (lipopolysaccharide) into an organism.

A stress hormone released by the body in response to stress.

The tendency for an organism to respond differently to various stressors due to individual variations.

A state where the immune system becomes suppressed due to prolonged exposure to stress.

Proteins that act as signals released by cells in response to stress or infection. They initiate and coordinate immune responses.

A type of immune response that is faster and less specific, relying on pre-existing defenses. It involves cells like macrophages and neutrophils that engulf and destroy pathogens.

A type of immune response that is slower but more specific, targeting specific pathogens through antibody production and cell-mediated responses.

Immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens. They are a key part of the innate immune response.

Proteins that are produced by B cells and bind to specific pathogens, marking them for destruction. They are a key part of the acquired immune response.

Surface proteins on cells that bind to antigen fragments and present them to T cells. MHC-I is found on all nucleated cells, while MHC-II is found only on certain immune cells.

A type of T cell that helps activate other immune cells, like macrophages and B cells. They play a crucial role in both innate and acquired immune responses.

A type of T cell that directly kills infected cells. They play a major role in the cell-mediated immune response.

A type of antigen-presenting cell that is particularly efficient at activating T cells. They bridge the gap between innate and acquired immunity.

A type of immune response that involves the activation of B cells to produce antibodies. This response is specific to the pathogen and provides long-term immunity.

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. It's part of the HPA axis.

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It's part of the SAM axis.

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It's part of the SAM axis.

A protein produced by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. It's correlated with NE levels and indicates sympathetic activation.

A biological process that helps regulate immune responses to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune activation.

Any substance that triggers an immune response. These can be foreign (from pathogens) or self (from damaged cells).

A protein produced by B lymphocytes that specifically binds to antigens. These help neutralize pathogens and activate other immune cells.

A type of cytokine that promotes inflammation and immune responses. These can be beneficial in fighting infections, but too much can be harmful.

A group of powerful pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6) that can be deadly during a cytokine storm.

A systemic response to infection, characterized by fever, changes in metabolism, and the production of acute-phase proteins.

A type of immune response that is specific to a particular pathogen or antigen, involving lymphocytes and antibodies.

A type of immune response that is non-specific and acts against a broad range of pathogens, involving macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.

A panel of biomarkers that are used to assess the overall health and immune status of animals.

A condition characterized by the underproduction of glucocorticoids and aldosterone, often caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex.

The ability of an animal to cope with stress and return to a normal physiological state.

A condition characterized by the overproduction of glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland.

Changes in gene expression that are not caused by alterations in the DNA sequence, but rather by modifications to histones or DNA methylation.

A non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression by binding to mRNA and blocking its translation.

A process that involves the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to cytosine bases in DNA, often leading to gene silencing.

A process that involves modifications to the histone proteins that package DNA, affecting gene expression.

The study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence itself. This can lead to changes in an organism's behavior, health, and susceptibility to disease.

Genes involved in the production of hormones like cortisol that help the body cope with stress. Variations in these genes can influence an animal's stress response.

A system that links the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system, playing a crucial role in coordinating the body's response to stress.

A common practice in animal production to minimize the risk of infectious diseases, but can also lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance when not used responsibly.