Immune Response and MHC Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of IgE in the immune response?

  • To facilitate fluid balance in the body
  • To increase the flexibility of immune cells
  • To enhance the activity of phagocytes
  • To promote inflammation and kill parasites (correct)

    • Which components are associated with IgG?

  • Mast cells and histamines
  • Epithelial cells and parasites
  • B cells and cytokines
  • Body fluids and phagocytes (correct)

    • What unique structural characteristic is attributed to IgG?

  • It forms large aggregates
  • It is highly flexible (correct)
  • It has a rigid structure
  • It is monomeric only

    • Which immune cells are primarily associated with the activity of IgG?

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting is IgE primarily active?

    <p>In allergic reactions and parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial process by which B-cell precursors acquire antigen receptors?

    <p>Gene rearrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative selection in B-cell development?

    <p>To prevent B-cells from responding to normal molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the gene rearrangement in B-cell development?

    <p>Maturation in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do plasma cells primarily produce?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the differentiation process during B-cell maturation?

    <p>Diversification within clones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves capturing bacteria or viruses through receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>Antigen processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the lymph node do naive T-cells encounter antigens?

    <p>T-cell zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of naive T-cells binding to peptide-MHC complexes?

    <p>To be activated and selected to stay in the lymph node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does macropinocytosis involve?

    <p>Endocytosis of larger volumes of unrecognized pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do naive T-cells increase their chances of encountering antigens in lymph nodes?

    <p>By homing to draining lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows T-cells to identify and bind to specific antigens?

    <p>X-TCR probe peptide interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after a T-cell successfully binds to an antigen?

    <p>The T-cell is selected to remain and become activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lysosomes play in antigen processing?

    <p>Degrade captured pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Th1 cells in the immune response?

    <p>Activate macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-helper cell is primarily involved in the response to parasites?

    <p>Th2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can CD8 T-cells be activated if they encounter insufficient co-stimulation?

    <p>With help from cytokines secreted by CD4 T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of effector proteins produced by activated T-cells?

    <p>Cytokines and CytotoXMs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of gene expression following cytokine signaling?

    <p>Phosphorylation of STAT proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T-helper cell plays a role in regulating the activity of other T-cells?

    <p>Treg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of JAKs in cytokine signaling?

    <p>Phosphorylate receptors and activate STAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about CD8 T-cell activation is correct?

    <p>It can be boosted by signals from Th1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC Class I molecules?

    <p>To present intracellular antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD4 cells primarily associated with?

    <p>Secreting cytokines and activating macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the location of peptide generation for MHC Class II?

    <p>In lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes MHC Class I from MHC Class II in terms of peptide binding?

    <p>MHC Class I binds shorter peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells express MHC Class I molecules?

    <p>All nucleated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does MHC Class II interact with T cells?

    <p>It interacts with CD4 proteins on T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteasomes in antigen processing?

    <p>They generate peptides for MHC Class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of both MHC Class I and Class II molecules?

    <p>They share similar peptide binding structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ubiquitin in protein degradation?

    <p>It marks damaged proteins for degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T cell type is associated with MHC Class I?

    <p>CD8+ cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial for delivering peptides to MHC molecules?

    <p>TAP protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immune function of MHC Class II molecules?

    <p>Presenting extracellular antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The binding specificity of MHC molecules is best described as:

    <p>Promiscuous with versatility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helper T cells activated by MHC Class II?

    <p>Assist in activating other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune Response and MHC

    • Adaptive Immune Response is activated by the presence of antigens.
    • Antigen Processing involves degrading pathogenic proteins into peptides.
    • Antigen Presentation involves delivering peptide MHC complexes to the cell surface.
    • MHC Class I presents intracellular antigens, degraded in the cytosol, expressed by nucleated cells.
    • MHC Class II presents extracellular antigens, degraded in lysosomes, expressed by antigen-presenting cells.
    • MHC Class I & II have similar structures - MHC fold, including peptide binding sites and domains that bind CD8/CD4.
    • MHC Class I binds to shorter peptides and has promiscuous binding specificity.
    • MHC Class I binds to peptides in the proteasome, while MHC Class II binds in lysosomes.
    • Proteasomes generate peptides for MHC Class I, while Ubiquitin marks damaged proteins for degradation.

    B Cell Development

    • B-cell precursors in bone marrow acquire antigen receptors through Ig rearrangements.
    • Negative selection prevents mature B cells with receptors that bind normal molecules.
    • Positive selection allows immature B cells to compete for follicles in secondary lymphoid tissues.
    • Mature B cells circulate between lymph, blood, and secondary lymphoid tissues.

    B Cell Activation

    • B cells are activated by antigen proliferation and differentiation.
    • Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
    • Memory B cells provide long-term immunity.

    T Cell Development

    • Naive T cells encounter antigen presented by dendritic cells (DCs) in the T cell zone of lymph nodes.
    • Naive T cells enter lymph nodes through the afferent lymph or blood.
    • T cell receptors (TCR) on naive T cells bind to peptide:MHC complexes on DCs.
    • Homing of naive T cells to draining lymph nodes increases chances of meeting antigen.
    • Th1 cells activate macrophages.
    • Th2 cells activate responses to parasites.
    • Th17 cells stimulate neutrophil responses.
    • TFH cells activate B cells.
    • Treg cells suppress other immune responses.

    CD8 T Cell Activation

    • Activation of naive CD8 T cells requires stronger signals than CD4 T cell activation.
    • CD8 T cells can be directly activated by a virus-infected DC.
    • CD8 T cell activation can be enhanced by IL-2 secreted by CD4 T cells.

    Effector Proteins

    • Effector proteins are made by effector cells and delivered to target cells via synapses.
    • Effector proteins include cytokines, which alter target cell behavior, and cytotoxins, which kill target cells.
    • Cytokines bind to cytokine receptors, transducing signals to regulate gene expression.

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    Immunology Exam 1 Review PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essentials of the immune response, focusing specifically on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) classes I and II. It explores antigen processing and presentation, along with the roles of B cell development in the adaptive immune response. Test your knowledge on these vital concepts in immunology.

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