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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of IgE in the immune response?
What is the primary role of IgE in the immune response?
- To facilitate fluid balance in the body
- To increase the flexibility of immune cells
- To enhance the activity of phagocytes
- To promote inflammation and kill parasites (correct)
Which components are associated with IgG?
Which components are associated with IgG?
- Mast cells and histamines
- Epithelial cells and parasites
- B cells and cytokines
- Body fluids and phagocytes (correct)
What unique structural characteristic is attributed to IgG?
What unique structural characteristic is attributed to IgG?
- It forms large aggregates
- It is highly flexible (correct)
- It has a rigid structure
- It is monomeric only
Which immune cells are primarily associated with the activity of IgG?
Which immune cells are primarily associated with the activity of IgG?
In which setting is IgE primarily active?
In which setting is IgE primarily active?
What is the initial process by which B-cell precursors acquire antigen receptors?
What is the initial process by which B-cell precursors acquire antigen receptors?
What is the primary function of negative selection in B-cell development?
What is the primary function of negative selection in B-cell development?
Which phase follows the gene rearrangement in B-cell development?
Which phase follows the gene rearrangement in B-cell development?
What do plasma cells primarily produce?
What do plasma cells primarily produce?
What characterizes the differentiation process during B-cell maturation?
What characterizes the differentiation process during B-cell maturation?
What process involves capturing bacteria or viruses through receptor-mediated endocytosis?
What process involves capturing bacteria or viruses through receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Which area of the lymph node do naive T-cells encounter antigens?
Which area of the lymph node do naive T-cells encounter antigens?
What is the purpose of naive T-cells binding to peptide-MHC complexes?
What is the purpose of naive T-cells binding to peptide-MHC complexes?
What does macropinocytosis involve?
What does macropinocytosis involve?
How do naive T-cells increase their chances of encountering antigens in lymph nodes?
How do naive T-cells increase their chances of encountering antigens in lymph nodes?
What mechanism allows T-cells to identify and bind to specific antigens?
What mechanism allows T-cells to identify and bind to specific antigens?
What occurs after a T-cell successfully binds to an antigen?
What occurs after a T-cell successfully binds to an antigen?
What role do lysosomes play in antigen processing?
What role do lysosomes play in antigen processing?
What is the primary function of Th1 cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of Th1 cells in the immune response?
Which type of T-helper cell is primarily involved in the response to parasites?
Which type of T-helper cell is primarily involved in the response to parasites?
How can CD8 T-cells be activated if they encounter insufficient co-stimulation?
How can CD8 T-cells be activated if they encounter insufficient co-stimulation?
What are the two types of effector proteins produced by activated T-cells?
What are the two types of effector proteins produced by activated T-cells?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of gene expression following cytokine signaling?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of gene expression following cytokine signaling?
Which T-helper cell plays a role in regulating the activity of other T-cells?
Which T-helper cell plays a role in regulating the activity of other T-cells?
What is the role of JAKs in cytokine signaling?
What is the role of JAKs in cytokine signaling?
Which statement about CD8 T-cell activation is correct?
Which statement about CD8 T-cell activation is correct?
What is the role of MHC Class I molecules?
What is the role of MHC Class I molecules?
What are CD4 cells primarily associated with?
What are CD4 cells primarily associated with?
Which of the following best describes the location of peptide generation for MHC Class II?
Which of the following best describes the location of peptide generation for MHC Class II?
What distinguishes MHC Class I from MHC Class II in terms of peptide binding?
What distinguishes MHC Class I from MHC Class II in terms of peptide binding?
Which cells express MHC Class I molecules?
Which cells express MHC Class I molecules?
How does MHC Class II interact with T cells?
How does MHC Class II interact with T cells?
What is the role of proteasomes in antigen processing?
What is the role of proteasomes in antigen processing?
What is a common characteristic of both MHC Class I and Class II molecules?
What is a common characteristic of both MHC Class I and Class II molecules?
What is the significance of ubiquitin in protein degradation?
What is the significance of ubiquitin in protein degradation?
Which T cell type is associated with MHC Class I?
Which T cell type is associated with MHC Class I?
Which component is crucial for delivering peptides to MHC molecules?
Which component is crucial for delivering peptides to MHC molecules?
What is the primary immune function of MHC Class II molecules?
What is the primary immune function of MHC Class II molecules?
The binding specificity of MHC molecules is best described as:
The binding specificity of MHC molecules is best described as:
What is the function of helper T cells activated by MHC Class II?
What is the function of helper T cells activated by MHC Class II?
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Study Notes
Immune Response and MHC
- Adaptive Immune Response is activated by the presence of antigens.
- Antigen Processing involves degrading pathogenic proteins into peptides.
- Antigen Presentation involves delivering peptide MHC complexes to the cell surface.
- MHC Class I presents intracellular antigens, degraded in the cytosol, expressed by nucleated cells.
- MHC Class II presents extracellular antigens, degraded in lysosomes, expressed by antigen-presenting cells.
- MHC Class I & II have similar structures - MHC fold, including peptide binding sites and domains that bind CD8/CD4.
- MHC Class I binds to shorter peptides and has promiscuous binding specificity.
- MHC Class I binds to peptides in the proteasome, while MHC Class II binds in lysosomes.
- Proteasomes generate peptides for MHC Class I, while Ubiquitin marks damaged proteins for degradation.
B Cell Development
- B-cell precursors in bone marrow acquire antigen receptors through Ig rearrangements.
- Negative selection prevents mature B cells with receptors that bind normal molecules.
- Positive selection allows immature B cells to compete for follicles in secondary lymphoid tissues.
- Mature B cells circulate between lymph, blood, and secondary lymphoid tissues.
B Cell Activation
- B cells are activated by antigen proliferation and differentiation.
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
- Memory B cells provide long-term immunity.
T Cell Development
- Naive T cells encounter antigen presented by dendritic cells (DCs) in the T cell zone of lymph nodes.
- Naive T cells enter lymph nodes through the afferent lymph or blood.
- T cell receptors (TCR) on naive T cells bind to peptide:MHC complexes on DCs.
- Homing of naive T cells to draining lymph nodes increases chances of meeting antigen.
- Th1 cells activate macrophages.
- Th2 cells activate responses to parasites.
- Th17 cells stimulate neutrophil responses.
- TFH cells activate B cells.
- Treg cells suppress other immune responses.
CD8 T Cell Activation
- Activation of naive CD8 T cells requires stronger signals than CD4 T cell activation.
- CD8 T cells can be directly activated by a virus-infected DC.
- CD8 T cell activation can be enhanced by IL-2 secreted by CD4 T cells.
Effector Proteins
- Effector proteins are made by effector cells and delivered to target cells via synapses.
- Effector proteins include cytokines, which alter target cell behavior, and cytotoxins, which kill target cells.
- Cytokines bind to cytokine receptors, transducing signals to regulate gene expression.
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