Immune Response and Food Poisoning
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Questions and Answers

What is the third and final line of defense against invading microbes?

  • Barriers and mechanical defenses
  • Immune response (correct)
  • Enzymes and chemicals
  • All of the above

    • What is the name of the bacterium that is a common cause of food poisoning?

  • Rhizopus
  • E. coli
  • Campylobacter jejuni (correct)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae

    • What happens to food when microbes start to break it down?

  • It becomes unfit for human consumption (correct)
  • It becomes more nutritious
  • It becomes more appealing
  • It becomes more expensive

    • What do microbes need for energy and growth?

    <p>Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the yeast used to make bread?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of yeast in bread making?

    <p>To ferment sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are microorganisms used in food production?

    <p>To facilitate fermentation and spoilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for symptoms of food poisoning to develop after consuming contaminated food?

    <p>3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of microbiology?

    <p>The study of microorganisms and their activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an opportunistic pathogen?

    <p>A microorganism that causes disease only in people with weakened immune systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disease caused by a microorganism?

    <p>Infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are microbes important?

    <p>Because they are essential for human life and have many practical uses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of microorganisms that cause disease in humans?

    <p>Medical microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a microorganism?

    <p>A microscopic organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to study microorganisms?

    <p>So we can improve the quality of human life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a disease and an infection?

    <p>A disease is a general term, while an infection refers to the presence of a microorganism in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of phylogeny based on?

    <p>The process of evolution and hereditary information change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of closely related organisms?

    <p>They have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate age of bacteria-like organisms on earth?

    <p>3.5 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Presence or absence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degree of relatedness between groups of living things?

    <p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is phylogeny usually represented?

    <p>A tree-like diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of autotrophic organisms?

    <p>They can make their own food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chromatophores in algae?

    <p>They contain photosynthetic pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reserve food material stored in algae?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the Woese-Fox Classification system?

    <p>rRNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three super kingdoms in the Woese-Fox Classification system?

    <p>Eubacteria, Archaeabacteria, and Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified?

    <p>Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five kingdoms of life?

    <p>Monera, Protista, Fungae, Plantae, and Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the naming of microorganisms?

    <p>Microbial nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new level of classification created by scientists in 1996?

    <p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many domains are there according to the classification system?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cell wall of Archaebacteria?

    <p>It has no peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of environment do Archaebacteria typically live in?

    <p>Both extreme and normal environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the flagella in some Archaebacteria?

    <p>It aids in locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were some of the first Archaebacteria discovered?

    <p>Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of all Archaebacteria?

    <p>They are unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the parasitic roundworm shown in the micrograph?

    <p>Trichinella spiralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology and Microorganisms

    • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms and their activities, including nutrition, multiplication, pathogenicity, and control.
    • Microorganisms, or microbes, are microscopic organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
    • Not all microorganisms cause disease, and many are useful or essential for human life.

    Lines of Defense

    • The third and final line of defense is the immune response, which is stimulated by the presence of an antigen (invading microbe or pathogen).
    • Examples of microorganisms that can cause food poisoning include Campylobacter jejuni, which can be found in contaminated poultry, meat, and milk.

    Microorganisms and Food

    • Microorganisms need food for energy and growth, and can break down food to provide themselves with nutrients, making it unfit for human consumption.
    • Microorganisms have been used since ancient times to make food products such as bread, cheese, yoghurt, and wine.
    • Yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is used to make bread by breaking down sugars and providing energy for growth.

    Microbiology and Disease

    • Medical microbiology is the study of disease-causing microorganisms with respect to humans.
    • Disease caused by a microorganism is called an infectious disease or simply an infection.
    • The more we know about microorganisms, the more the quality of human life is improved.

    Phylogeny and Evolution

    • Phylogeny is the study of the degree of relatedness between groups of living things.
    • Phylogeny is based on the process of evolution, where hereditary information in living things changes gradually over time, resulting in structural and functional changes.
    • Closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor.

    Classification of Microorganisms

    • There are six kingdoms of microorganisms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
    • In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, creating a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
    • The three domains are: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

    Characteristics of Microorganisms

    • Bacteria: rod-shaped cells, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    • Fungi: filamentous, such as Thamnidium, and can reproduce using spores.
    • Algae: unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic, and can be found in aquatic environments.
    • Viruses: small, infectious particles that can cause diseases such as cold sores.
    • Protozoa: unicellular, motile, and can feed using cilia or flagella.
    • Helminths: parasitic worms, such as Trichinella spiralis.

    Archaebacteria

    • Archaebacteria are ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salty lakes.
    • They are unicellular, have no peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and can have flagella that aid in locomotion.

    Algae

    • Algae are unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic, and can be found in aquatic environments.
    • They have chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments in chromatophores.
    • There are three types of algae, separated by pigment color: brown, red, and green.

    Microbial Nomenclature and Classification

    • Microbial nomenclature is the process of naming microorganisms.
    • Taxonomy is the classification of living things.
    • Identification is the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified.
    • The five kingdoms of microorganisms are based on morphology, metabolism, molecular techniques, fatty acid profiles, protein differentiation, and DNA fingerprinting.
    • The Woese-Fox classification system is based on rRNA and divides microorganisms into three super kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaeabacteria, and Eukarya.

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    Description

    Learn about the third line of defense, the immune response, and how it reacts to antigens. Also, explore the causes of food poisoning, including certain bacteria.

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