Image Processing Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which is a characteristic of LED light?

  • All the above. (correct)
  • Have a long life but degrade quickly in a short amount of time.
  • Always are highly diffuse.
  • Can be strobed at medium to high duty cycles.
  • Can be obtained in a variety of physical geometries.

    • What can the spatial calibration be used for?

  • Does not improve the measurement resolution.
  • Can be used to correct for image distortion due to the camera position relative to the object. (correct)
  • Can be used to correct for lens distortion. (correct)
  • Can be used to measure the width of an object in real world-units. (correct)

    • Which is not a feature of Pattern Matching?

  • Return a score for each match.
  • Measure the size of objects in the image. (correct)
  • Return the coordinates of each match.

    • In managing machine vision, how many sample parts are required for a successful design?

    <p>A statistically important number of samples that show all the pass/fail conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of light power, not weighted to human vision, is appropriate to monochromatic light sources?

    <p>Radiometric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum cable length for GigE?

    <p>100m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interfaces use GenICam?

    <p>A, B &amp; C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a backlight useful for?

    <p>All the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface has the highest bandwidth possible?

    <p>Camera Link HS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you increase the working distance, what happens to the FOV?

    <p>Decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What of the following changes as the f/# is changed on a lens?

    <p>All the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gain cannot be used to increase image quality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase?

    <p>Exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface has the lowest bandwidth possible?

    <p>GigE Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool would help you find this fiducial (an image was presented)?

    <p>Pattern Matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when using green LED lighting with red characters and a diffuse background?

    <p>Contrast increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a traditional lens object space telecentric?

    <p>Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if you decrease the wavelength in the formula for spot size (d = 2.44 * wavelength * F/#)?

    <p>Spot size decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is diffraction the only thing that affects lens performance?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase?

    <p>Gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect lens performance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contrast?

    <p>Difference between dark and light pixels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to not get vignetting on the image?

    <p>Both 2 and 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a part of integration?

    <p>Sales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between CCD and CMOS sensors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Quantum Efficiency?

    <p>The proportion of light that the sensor converts into charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Full Well Capacity?

    <p>Maximum number of electrons that register a signal in a pixel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is Frame Grabber required for digital cameras?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dynamic range?

    <p>Measure of how well a camera can represent details in bright and dark areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the first step to define in a vision system?

    <p>Lighting and optics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is contrast the same thing as the camera’s dynamic range?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which image bit-rate provides the largest amount of pixel values?

    <p>12 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dark Current Noise error doubles every ____ ° increase in temperature.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your part is blue, background is white. What color light increases contrast best?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You cannot change the FOV of a Telecentric lens. Need to use a different size lens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As you increase F/# what happens to theoretical contrast?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The performance of a lens is determined by both resolution and contrast.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gain cannot be used to increase image quality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The order of visible light from smallest to larger wavelength is:

    <p>blue, green, yellow, orange, red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of photons converted to electrons on silicon called?

    <p>QE (Quantum Efficiency)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'W' pattern diagram describes the relationship between:

    <p>dark field and light field lighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best lighting technique for inspecting a flat reflective part for scratches is:

    <p>Dark field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blooming and smearing are issues with ____ sensors.

    <p>CCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correlation matching should be used for parts where:

    <p>texture is the main feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best form of analysis for a part with varying lighting and reflection is:

    <p>Geometric matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern matching is best for locating the template in the image?

    <p>Geometric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using multiple smart cameras for a broad application would be considered a ____ system.

    <p>Distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resolution is characterized by:

    <p>lp/mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calibration can fix poor lighting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working distance is the ____.

    <p>distance from the object plane to front of lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larger pixels ____.

    <p>increase SNR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface requires a framegrabber?

    <p>Camera Link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    8K array resolution is most likely a ____ sensor.

    <p>Line scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An image system consists of:

    <p>light, lens, camera (imager, electronics), computer (framegrabber or digital)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A PC based system is the most flexible and has custom processing power.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To increase the amount of light interpolated, you should ____.

    <p>increase exposure time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Good quality images are optimized for:

    <p>contrast between foreground object and background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum cable length for GigE?

    <p>100m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface has the highest bandwidth possible?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface has the lowest bandwidth possible?

    <p>USB 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool would help you find this fiducial?

    <p>Pattern Matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You have some red characters diffuse and a diffuse background. Green LED lighting is used. What happens?

    <p>Contrast decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for spot size (d) is $d=2.44 \cdot wavelength \cdot F/#$. What happens if you decrease the wavelength?

    <p>Spot size decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is diffraction the only thing that affects lens performance?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase?

    <p>Gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect lens performance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In optics, what is contrast?

    <p>Difference between dark and light pixels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An image was shown with a line across a dark circle. Which threshold is the best to extract dark circles from this image?

    <p>(0, 71)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of a ROI?

    <p>Make processing speed faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Showed an image with a histogram ranging from 0 to 255. What image is this?

    <p>Grayscale image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a traditional lens object space telecentric?

    <p>Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object and image space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a backlight useful for?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a part of integration?

    <p>Sales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    First step when developing a vision system.

    <p>Analyze functional and system requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a necessary skill for a vision professional?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light ray reflected is perpendicular to the ____ ray.

    <p>Incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light can be:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the characteristics of LED light?

    <p>Can be strobed at medium and fast duty cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parts of the 3D spatial arrangement are:

    <p>Light, object, and camera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a standard fixed focal length camera as working distance increases, the FOV:

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following require GenICam support?

    <p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the first step to define in a vision system?

    <p>Vision tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pattern matching will do which of the following?

    <p>Correct for angle distortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light measure of red green blue not weighted to a human eye is called:

    <p>Radiometric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Image Bit-rate and Pixel Values

    • 12 bits provide the largest amount of pixel values, allowing for greater color depth compared to 8, 10, or 4 bits.

    Dark Current Noise

    • Dark current noise doubles every 8°C increase in temperature, impacting image quality.

    Contrast Enhancement

    • Using red light increases contrast best for blue parts on white backgrounds.

    Telecentric Lenses

    • Cannot change the Field of View (FOV) of a telecentric lens without using a different size lens.
    • Telecentric lenses maintain fixed z-axis magnification.

    Theoretical Contrast

    • Increasing F/# leads to a decrease in theoretical contrast.

    Lens Performance

    • Lens performance is determined by both resolution and contrast.

    Gain and Image Quality

    • Gain cannot be used to enhance image quality.

    Visible Light Spectrum

    • The order of visible light from smallest to largest wavelength is blue, green, yellow, orange, red.

    Quantum Efficiency

    • The ratio of photons converted to electrons on silicon is referred to as Quantum Efficiency (QE).

    Lighting Techniques

    • Dark field lighting is best for inspecting flat reflective surfaces for scratches.
    • Lighting type impacts the qualities of the captured image; red ring lighting is not universally the best.

    Sensor Issues

    • Blooming and smearing are common issues associated with CCD sensors.

    Image Analysis Techniques

    • Correlation matching is effective when texture is the primary feature.
    • For parts with varying lighting, geometric matching is the best analysis method.

    Pattern Matching for Template Location

    • Geometric pattern matching outperforms correlation matching when locating templates in images with stacked parts.

    Smart Cameras

    • Using multiple smart cameras is classified as a distributed system.

    Resolution and Characterization

    • Resolution is characterized by line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm).

    Calibration

    • Calibration cannot rectify poor lighting conditions.

    Working Distance

    • Defined as the distance from the object plane to the front of the lens.

    Pixel Size and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

    • Larger pixels increase SNR, leading to better image quality.

    Image Interfaces

    • Camera Link is the specific interface that requires a frame grabber.
    • The maximum cable length for GigE connections is 100 meters.

    Spot Size Formula

    • The formula for spot size indicates that a decrease in wavelength results in a smaller spot size.

    Definition of Contrast

    • Contrast in optics is defined as the difference between dark and light pixels.

    Regions of Interest (ROI)

    • ROIs can improve processing speed and can be shaped like lines or rectangles.

    Backlighting

    • Backlighting is beneficial for edge detection, gauging, and seeing translucent materials.

    Basic Principles of Light

    • Light can be absorbed, reflected, transmitted, or emitted.

    Lens Performance Factors

    • Factors affecting lens performance include wavelength, F/#, and working distance.

    Initial System Design Steps

    • The first step in developing a vision system is analyzing functional and system requirements.

    Characteristics of LED Light

    • LEDs can be strobed at various duty cycles and have a long lifespan but may degrade quickly.

    Chromatic Aberrations

    • These aberrations can occur both on-axis and off-axis in lenses.

    Maximum Length for Connectivity

    • USB 2 has the lowest bandwidth among the major interfaces used.

    Importance of Lighting

    • Good quality images are primarily shaped by contrast between the foreground object and the background, influencing operator appeal.

    Image Thresholds

    • Proper thresholds for image analysis can help extract specific features; examples include dark circles in histograms identified by specific ranges.

    Common Lens Characteristics

    • For lenses, changes in working distance directly influence the FOV, which may increase or decrease based on design and configuration choices.

    Integration in Vision Systems

    • Integration involves design, vision tools programming, and communication, with sales being less critical.

    Focal Plan Requirements

    • For a PMAG of 1, the FOV must be smaller than the sensor size to avoid distortion.

    Communication Standards

    • GenICam support is required for GigE, Camera Link, and CoaXpress interfaces.### Image Analysis and Types
    • Histogram values between 0 and 255 represent grayscale images (8-bit).
    • A backlight serves multiple purposes: edge detection, gauging, facilitating vision-guided robotics, and revealing semi-transparent materials.
    • Contrast indicates the intensity difference between blacks and whites in an image.
    • ROI (Region of Interest) is defined as a specific area for image processing but is not a coordinate system (fixture).

    Optical Systems and Sensors

    • Traditional lenses are object space telecentric when the chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object space.
    • Light interaction with surfaces can occur through reflection, transmission, absorption, and emission.
    • Characteristics of LED light include high diffusion, variability in geometries, and long life with degradation over time.
    • To avoid vignetting in images, the lens size should ideally match or exceed the sensor size, maintaining a minimum diameter ratio.

    Image Processing and Camera Technology

    • Digital cameras generally do not require a frame grabber due to direct electronic integration.
    • Temporal noise arises from fluctuations over time (e.g., temperature changes), while spatial noise is fixed and influenced by sensor design.
    • CCD sensors produce higher image quality through better pixel uniformity and reduced noise, while CMOS sensors offer faster image acquisition and lower costs.
    • Gain adjusts the signal strength captured by the sensor, impacting the exposure, noise, and image quality.

    System Development and Integration

    • Initial steps in developing a vision system involve analyzing functional and system requirements before defining vision tools.
    • Integration factors do not include sales; they focus on design and implementation of vision tools and communication systems.
    • Successful system design may require a statistically significant number of sample parts to visualize pass/fail scenarios.

    Lighting and Gain

    • Gain increases visibility by amplifying both signal and noise, but excessive gain doesn't necessarily improve image quality.
    • For static low-light scenarios, increasing exposure time is preferable to enhance visibility.
    • Illumination characteristics, such as geometry, structure, color, and filtering (GSCF), greatly influence system performance.

    Measurement and Specifications

    • Full Well Capacity refers to the maximum electrons a pixel can register; larger pixels translate to better sensitivity and dynamic range.
    • Dynamic range (DR) measures a camera's ability to represent details across bright and dark areas, capturing more information.
    • Various imaging interfaces such as GigE Vision, USB, and Camera Link differ in bandwidth, with Camera Link typically offering the highest capabilities.

    Color and Contrast

    • Camera design affects quantum efficiency (QE), which reflects the proportion of light converted into measurable charge.
    • The Bayer pattern in color sensors results in certain disadvantages, including reduced effective spatial resolution and increased manufacturing costs.
    • Rolling shutter effects in CMOS sensors can be mitigated using strobe lighting to alleviate motion blurring.

    Conclusion

    • Understanding the interaction of light, sensor technology, and system design principles is essential in machine vision applications.
    • Conflicting requirements, such as resolution versus implementation cost, must always be carefully balanced for optimal performance.

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    Test your knowledge on image processing concepts with this quiz covering topics like bit-rate, dark current noise, and color contrast. Answer multiple-choice questions to assess your understanding of the field. Perfect for students in related courses!

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