Questions and Answers
What does phonological processing include?
Which term refers to the gradual articulatory mastery of speech sound forms within a language?
Speech sound development
What do the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory mechanisms of the young infant reflect?
Primary functions
Which term refers to the ability to identify the same sound across various speakers and environmental conditions?
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What coincides with the infant's vocal tract approximating the adult shape at around 6 to 8 months of age?
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During which prelinguistic stage does the child begin to communicate to adults through imitation games with vocal productions?
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During which prelinguistic stage does the child produce strings of utterances mainly modulated by intonation, rhythm, and pausing?
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What do prosodic features consist of?
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Which type of learning allows the child to acquire phonemic principles that apply to the phonology of that particular language?
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Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the first-50-word stage?
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What did cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings reveal about children within the first-50-word stage?
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What has caused differing results in large cross-sectional studies of sound mastery?
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Speech sound development and phonological development are the same.
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When a child is born, the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory mechanisms are structurally adequate for speech sound production.
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It is not until approximately age 7 that the respiratory function of the child demonstrates adult-like patterns.
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Canonical babbling refers to both reduplicated and non-reduplicated babbling.
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Research supports the notion that infants babble all the sounds of all the languages of the world.
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During the late babbling period, closed syllables are the most frequent utterance of the child.
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Quantity and diversity of babbling behavior have been correlated to later language performance.
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The babbles uttered at the end of the babbling stage and the first words of a child are very similar.
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Explain the impact of relatively large arytenoid cartilages and vocal processes in the infant on vocal fold vibration.
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What is categorical perception?
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What is the difference between vocoids and contoids versus vowels and consonants?
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What is the difference between first words and proto-words?
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Explain how salience and avoidance factors could influence research findings on the age of acquisition of speech sounds.
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Study Notes
Phonological Processing
- Involves working memory, long-term memory, coding, and phonological awareness.
Speech Sound Development
- Refers to the gradual mastery of articulatory forms of speech sounds in a language.
Infant Mechanisms
- Infant respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory mechanisms serve primary functions only.
Perceptual Constancy
- Ability to identify the same sound across different speakers and environments.
Canonical Babbling
- Begins at 6 to 8 months when the infant's vocal tract shape approximates that of adults.
Prelinguistic Stages
- Stage 4: Canonical babbling involves communication through imitation games.
- Stage 5: Jargon stage consists of utterances modulated by intonation, rhythm, and pausing.
Prosodic Features
- Encompass pitch (intonation), loudness (stress), and tempo variations (duration).
System Learning
- Type of learning where children acquire phonemic principles specific to their language.
First-50-Word Stage
- Characterized by limited consonant usage and lack of frequent consonant clusters.
Research Findings
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show limited consonants used by children in the first-50-word stage.
- Differing methodologies in studies lead to variable results regarding sound mastery.
Speech Development Characteristics
- Speech sound and phonological development are equivalent.
- At birth, mechanisms are functionally adequate for primary functions, but not structurally for speech production.
- Adult-like respiratory patterns emerge around age 7.
Babbling Characteristics
- Canonical babbling includes both reduplicated and non-reduplicated forms.
- Research does not support that infants babble all sounds of all languages.
- Open syllables are more frequent than closed syllables during the late babbling period.
Babbling and Language Performance
- Quantity and diversity in babbling correlate with later language performance.
- Babble from the end of the babbling stage closely resembles a child’s first words.
Vocal Fold Vibration
- Large arytenoid cartilages and vocal processes in infants limit vibratory action due to structural size compared to adults.
Categorical Perception
- Listeners categorize speech sounds according to their native language's phonemic categories.
Vocoids and Contoids
- Contrasted with vowels and consonants, vocoids and contoids lack associated meanings.
First Words vs. Proto-Words
- First words are consistent, recognizable sounds related to adult forms; proto-words are invented terms with specific meanings for the child.
Research Influences
- Salience and avoidance factors affect research findings on the age of acquisition of speech sounds based on a child's preferences and environment.
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Description
Explore key concepts related to phonological processing, speech sound development, and prelinguistic stages in infants. This quiz covers critical mechanisms and features that contribute to language acquisition. Perfect for students and professionals in speech-language pathology or early childhood education.
