AQA Past Paper PDF - Questions Merged

Questions Merged 3 M/C questions, minimum of 80% (5 wrong) 1. Which image bit-rate provides the largest amount of pixel values? 1. 8 bits 2. 4 bits 3. 12 bits* 4. 10 bits 2. Dark Current Noise...

Questions Merged 3 M/C questions, minimum of 80% (5 wrong) 1. Which image bit-rate provides the largest amount of pixel values? 1. 8 bits 2. 4 bits 3. 12 bits* 4. 10 bits 2. Dark Current Noise error doubles every ____ ° increase in temperature. 1. 2 2. 8* 3. 10 4. 80 3. Your part is blue, background is white. What color light increases contrast best? 1. White 2. Red* 3. Blue 4. You cannot change the FOV of a Telecentric lens. Need to use a different size lens. 5. Telecentric lens of any size (big or small) are market available. 1. true 2. false* 6. Telecentric lens' have a fixed z-axis magnification. 7. As you increase F/# what happens to theoretical contrast? 1. increases 2. decreases * 3. stays the same 8. The performance of a lens is determined by both resolution and contrast. 1. true* 2. false 9. Gain can not be used to increase image quality  1. true* 2. false 10. The order of visible light from smallest to larger wavelength is: 1. IR, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, UV 2. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, UV 3. blue, green, yellow, orange, red * 11. The ratio of photons converted to electrons on silicon is called: 1. QE (Quantum Efficiency) * 12. The "W" pattern diagram describes the relationship between: 1. dark field and light field lighting* 13. The best lighting technique for inspecting a flat reflective part for scratches is: 14. 1. dark field* 2. light field 3. diffuse lighting 4. none of the above 15. Blooming and smearing are issues with ____ sensors. 1. CCD * 2. CMOS 16. Correlation matching should be used for parts where 1. texture is the main feature * 17. The best form of analysis for a part with varying lighting and reflection is: 1. geometric matching * 2. correlation matching 3. edge tool 4. pixel analysis 18. What pattern matching is best for locating the template in the image? (Parts also stacked onto each other in the exam image.)  1. correlation 2. geometric* 19. Using multiple smart cameras for a broad application would considered a ____ system. 1. centralized 2. distributed* 20. Resolution is characterized by 1. lp/mm* 2. focal length 3. F/# 4. all the above 21. Calibration can fix poor lighting. 1. true 2. false* 22. Working distance is the ____. 1. distance from the object plane to front of lens* 23. Larger pixels ____ 1. increase SNR* 24. Which interface requires a framegrabber. 1. GigE 2. Firewire 3. Camera Link* 4. USB 25. 8K array resolution is most likely a ____ sensor. 1. line scan * 2. area scan 26. An image system consists of 1. light, lens, camera (imager, electronics), computer (framegrabber or digital) * 27. A PC based system is 1. the most flexible and has custom processing power*  28. To increase amount of light interpolated 1. increase exposure time* 29. Good quality images are optimized for 1. customer/operator appeal 2. contrast between foreground object and background* 30. Questions updated 10th/February/2023 Note: Questions and answers may not be complete and structured exactly as they were in the exam. Also, they are not in order as they appear in the exam. This should not be taken as a reference to study until more people have taken the exam and polished the questions. 1. What is the maximum cable length for GigE? 1. 10m 2. 50m 3. 100m* 4. 1m 2. Which interface has the highest bandwith possible? 1. 10 GigE Vision 2. USB3.1 Vision 3. Camera Link 4. A and B* 5. C and B 1. Note: Camera Link HS has the highest bandwith 2. Note: There is USB3 Vision with 400 MB/s. Dont get confused with USB3.1 that has 10 GB/s 3. Which interface has the lowest bandwith possible? 1. GigE Vision 2. CoaXpress 3. USB 2* 4. Camera Link 4. Which tool would help you find this fiducial (an image was presented)  1. Thresholding 2. Pattern Matching 3. Edge Detection 4. Morphology dilation 5. You have some red characters diffuse and a diffuse background. Green LED lighting is use. What happens? 1. Contrast increases 2. Contrast increases with specular hot spots 3. Contrast decreases 4. Contrast decreases with specular hot spotsT 6. The formula for spot size (d) is d=2.44*wavelength*F/#. What happens if you decrease the wavelength? 1. Spot size increases 2. Spot size decreases 3. Spot size does not change 7. Is diffraction the only thing that affects lens performance? 1. true 2. false* 8. If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase? 1. Gain 2. Black Level 3. Exposure 9. What can affect the lens performance? 1. Wavelength 2. F/# 3. Working distance 4. All of the above 10. Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon? 1. true  2. false 11. Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications? 1. true 2. false 12. In optics, what is contrast? 1. Difference between dark and light pixels 2. Dynamic range 3. Other options dont remember 13. An image was shown with a line across a dark circle and it showed the histogram of the line region. Which threshold is the best o extract dark circles from this image? 1. (0, 17) 2. (100, 130) 3. (212, 255) 14. What is NOT a characteristic of a ROI? 1. Can be a line 2. Make processing speed faster 3. Can be a rectangle 4. Used for only processing inside 5. Is a coordinate system (fixture) 15. Showed an image with a histogram ranging from 0 to 255. What image is this? 1. Color image 2. Grayscale image* 3. Binary image 4. Other option 16. What makes a traditional lens object space telecentric? 1. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in image space 2. Chief ray is parrallel to the optical axis in object space 3. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object and image space 4. None of the above 17. What is a backlight useful for? 1. Edge detection 2. Gauging 3. Vision guided robotics 4. See semi translucent or translucent materials 5. All of the above* 18. Which is not a part of integration? 1. Design 2. Programming of vision tools 3. Communications 4. Sales 5. Other options 19. First step when developing a vision system. 1. Analyze functional and system requirements 2. Defining vision tools to use in software 3. Other options dont remember 20. Which is a necessary skill for a vision profesional 1. Mechanical design 2. Controls programming 3. Camera setup 4. Other vision stuff 5. All of the above 21. Light ray reflected is perpendicular to the __ ray 1. Incident 2. Refracted 3. Absorbed 22. Ligth can be: 1. Absorbed 2. Reflected  3. Transmitted 4. Emitted 5. All of the above 23. Which are the characteristics of LED light? 24. Parts of the 3D spatial arrangement 1. Light, object and camera 2. Othe options dont remember 25. What is requiered for a PMAG of 1 1. FOV be smaller than sensor size 2. FOV be bigger than sensor size 3. FOV be the same size as sensor size 26. What is required to not get vignetting on the image. Sensor size is 1/3 1. Lens size be 1/4 2. Lens size be 1/3 3. Lens size be 1/2 4. Both 2 and 3 5. Both 1 and 2 27. What should first be calculated 1. working distance 2. f/# 3. MTF curve 4. Other options 28. When increasing the F/#, what happens to the MTF of a lens 1. Always increases 2. Always decreases 3. Performance of the lens increases until diffraction limit is reached 29. Image processing software and libraries are: 1. Generally the same 2. Key defining factors for choosing machine vision parts or system  3. Only in smart cameras 4. Important for PC based systems 30. Which is the first step to define in a vision system 1. Vision tools 2. Ethernet connections 3. Lighting and optics 4. Other stuff 31. Where do chromatic aberrations ocurr in lens 1. On-axis 2. Off-axis 3. Both on and off axis 4. Lenses dont have chromatic aberrations This is Noah Greco - I just finished the test - going to try and regurgitate the questions but don’t use this as the bible. Note these are not in order 1. WHat is a disadvantage of using a colour image with a Bayer sensor? 1. Image cant be processed on the camera 2. Bayer is more costly than normal color 3. You lose spatial resolution 4. 2. What is the maximum cable length for GigE? 1. 10m 2. 50m 3. 100m 4. 1m 3. Which interface has the highest bandwith possible? 1. 10 GigE Vision 2. USB3.1 Vision 3. Camera Link 4. A and B* 4. Which interface has the lowest bandwith possible? 1. GigE Vision- 1gb/s 2. CoaXpress - 6.25gb/s 3. USB 2* - 480mb/s 4. Camera Link - 6.8gb/s 5. Which tool would help you find this fiducial (an image of a circle (hole) was presented) 1. Thresholding 2. Pattern Matching 3. Edge Detection 4. Morphology dilation 6. You have some red characters diffuse and a diffuse background. Green LED lighting is use. What happens?  1. Contrast increases 2. Contrast increases with specular hot spots 3. Contrast decreases 4. Contrast decreases with specular hot spot 7. The formula for spot size (d) is d=2.44*wavelength*F/#. What happens if you decrease the wavelength? 1. Spot size increases 2. Spot size decreases 3. Spot size does not change 8. Is diffraction the only thing that affects lens performance? 1. true 2. false* 9. If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase? 1. Gain 2. Black Level 3. Exposure 10. What can affect the lens performance? 1. Wavelength 2. F/# 3. Working distance 4. All of the above 1. Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon? 1. true 2. false 2. Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications? 1. true 2. false 3. In optics, what is contrast? 1. Difference between dark and light pixels  2. Dynamic range 3. Other options dont remember 4. An image was shown with a line across a dark circle and it showed the histogram of the line region. Which threshold is the best o extract dark circles from this image? 1. (0, 71) 2. (100, 130) 3. (212, 255) 5. What is NOT a characteristic of a ROI? 1. Can be a line 2. Make processing speed faster 3. Can be a rectangle 4. Used for only processing inside 5. Is a coordinate system (fixture) 1. Showed an image with a histogram ranging from 0 to 255. What image is this? 1. Color image 2. Grayscale image* 3. Binary image 4. Other option 2. What makes a traditional lens object space telecentric? 1. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in image space 2. Chief ray is parrallel to the optical axis in object space 3. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object and image space 4. None of the above 3. What is a backlight useful for? 1. Edge detection 2. Gauging 3. Vision guided robotics 4. See semi translucent or translucent materials 5. All of the above* 4. Which is not a part of integration? 1. Design 2. Programming of vision tools 3. Communications 4. Sales? 5. Other options 5. First step when developing a vision system. 1. Analyze functional and system requirements 2. Defining vision tools to use in software 3. Other options dont remember 6. Which is a necessary skill for a vision profesional 1. Mechanical design 2. Controls programming 3. Camera setup 4. Other vision stuff 5. All of the above 7. Light ray reflected is perpendicular to the __ ray 1. Incident 2. Refracted 3. Absorbed 8. Light can be: 1. Absorbed 2. Reflected 3. Transmitted 4. Emitted 5. All of the above 9. Which are the characteristics of LED light? 1. can be strobed at medium and fast duty cycles 2. come in various geometries  3. Have a long life but degrade quickly 4. are always highly diffuse 5. none of the above 6. a,b only 10. Parts of the 3D spatial arrangement 1. Light, object and camera 2. Othe options dont remember 11. For a standard fixed focal length camera as working distance increases the FOV 1. increase 2. decreases 3. stays the same 4. changes in one dimension but no the other 12. which of the following require GenICam support 1. GigE 2. Cameralink 3. CoaxPress 4. All the above 13. Which is the first step to define in a vision system 1. Vision tools 2. Ethernet connections 3. Lighting and optics 4. Other stuff 14. Pattern matching will do which of the following 1. correct for spatial deformations 2. solve measurement tolerances 3. correct for angle distortions 15. Light Measure of red green blue not weighted to a human eye is called 1. radiometric 2. photometric 3. gravimetric 4. cosmic 3 M/C questions, minimum of 80% (5 wrong) 1. Which image bit-rate provides the largest amount of pixel values? 1. 8 bits 2. 4 bits 3. 12 bits 4. 10 bits 2. Dark Current Noise error doubles every ____ ° increase in temperature. 1. 2 2. 8 3. 10 4. 80 3. Your part is blue, background is white. What color light increases contrast best? 1. White 2. Red 3. Blue 4. You cannot change the FOV of a Telecentric lens. Need to use a different size lens. 5. Telecentric lens of any size (big or small) are market available. 1. true 2. false 6. Telecentric lens' have a fixed z-axis magnification. 7. As you increase F/# what happens to theoretical contrast? 1. increases 2. decreases 3. stays the same 8. The performance of a lens is determined by both resolution and contrast. 1. true 2. false 9. Gain can not be used to increase image quality 1. true  2. false 10. The order of visible light from smallest to larger wavelength is: 1. IR, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, UV 2. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, UV 3. blue, green, yellow, orange, red 11. The ratio of photons converted to electrons on silicon is called: 1. QE (Quantum Efficiency) 12. The "W" pattern diagram describes the relationship between: 1. dark field and light field lighting 13. The best lighting technique for inspecting a flat reflective part for scratches is: 14. 1. dark field 2. light field 3. diffuse lighting 4. none of the above 15. Blooming and smearing are issues with ____ sensors. 1. CCD 2. CMOS 16. Correlation matching should be used for parts where 1. texture is the main feature 17. The best form of analysis for a part with varying lighting and reflection is: 1. geometric matching 2. correlation matching 3. edge tool 4. pixel analysis 18. What pattern matching is best for locating the template in the image? (Parts also stacked onto each other in the exam image.) 1. correlation  2. geometric 19. Using multiple smart cameras for a broad application would considered a ____ system. 1. centralized 2. distributed 20. Resolution is characterized by 1. lp/mm 2. focal length 3. F/# 4. all the above 21. Calibration can fix poor lighting. 1. true 2. false 22. Working distance is the ____. 1. distance from the object plane to front of lens 23. Larger pixels ____ 1. increase SNR 24. Which interface requires a framegrabber. 1. GigE 2. Firewire 3. Camera Link 4. USB 25. 8K array resolution is most likely a ____ sensor. 1. line scan 2. area scan 26. An image system consists of 1. light, lens, camera (imager, electronics), computer (framegrabber or digital) 27. A PC based system is 1. the most flexible and has custom processing power 28. To increase amount of light interpolated  1. increase exposure time 29. Good quality images are optimized for 1. customer/operator appeal 2. contrast between foreground object and background 30. Questions updated 10th/February/2023 Note: Questions and answers may not be complete and structured exactly as they were in the exam. Also, they are not in order as they appear in the exam. This should not be taken as a reference to study until more people have taken the exam and polished the questions. 1. What is the maximum cable length for GigE? 1. 10m 2. 50m 3. 100m 4. 1m 2. Which interface has the highest bandwith possible? 1. 10 GigE Vision 2. USB3.1 Vision 3. Camera Link 4. A and B 5. C and B 1. Note: Camera Link HS has the highest bandwith 2. Note: There is USB3 Vision with 400 MB/s. Dont get confused with USB3.1 that has 10 GB/s 3. Which interface has the lowest bandwith possible? 1. GigE Vision 2. CoaXpress 3. USB 2 4. Camera Link 4. Which tool would help you find this fiducial (an image was presented) 1. Thresholding  2. Pattern Matching 3. Edge Detection 4. Morphology dilation 5. You have some red characters diffuse and a diffuse background. Green LED lighting is use. What happens? 1. Contrast increases 2. Contrast increases with specular hot spots 3. Contrast decreases 4. Contrast decreases with specular hot spots 6. The formula for spot size (d) is d=2.44*wavelength*F/#. What happens if you decrease the wavelength? 1. Spot size increases 2. Spot size decreases 3. Spot size does not change 7. Is diffraction the only thing that affects lens performance? 1. true 2. false 8. If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase? 1. Gain 2. Black Level 3. Exposure 9. What can affect the lens performance? 1. Wavelength 2. F/# 3. Working distance 4. All of the above 10. Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon? 1. true 2. false 11. Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications? 1. true 2. false 12. In optics, what is contrast? 1. Difference between dark and light pixels 2. Dynamic range 3. Other options dont remember 13. An image was shown with a line across a dark circle and it showed the histogram of the line region. Which threshold is the best o extract dark circles from this image? 1. (0, 17) 2. (100, 130) 3. (212, 255) 14. What is NOT a characteristic of a ROI? 1. Can be a line 2. Make processing speed faster 3. Can be a rectangle 4. Used for only processing inside 5. Is a coordinate system (fixture) 15. Showed an image with a histogram ranging from 0 to 255. What image is this? 1. Color image 2. Grayscale image 3. Binary image 4. Other option 16. What makes a traditional lens object space telecentric? 1. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in image space 2. Chief ray is parrallel to the optical axis in object space 3. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object and image space 4. None of the above 17. What is a backlight useful for?  1. Edge detection 2. Gauging 3. Vision guided robotics 4. See semi translucent or translucent materials 5. All of the above 18. Which is not a part of integration? 1. Design 2. Programming of vision tools 3. Communications 4. Sales 5. Other options 19. First step when developing a vision system. 1. Analyze functional and system requirements 2. Defining vision tools to use in software 3. Other options dont remember 20. Which is a necessary skill for a vision profesional 1. Mechanical design 2. Controls programming 3. Camera setup 4. Other vision stuff 5. All of the above 21. Light ray reflected is perpendicular to the __ ray 1. Incident 2. Refracted 3. Absorbed 22. Ligth can be: 1. Absorbed 2. Reflected 3. Transmitted  4. Emitted 5. All of the above 23. Which are the characteristics of LED light? 24. Parts of the 3D spatial arrangement 1. Light, object and camera 2. Othe options dont remember 25. What is requiered for a PMAG of 1 1. FOV be smaller than sensor size 2. FOV be bigger than sensor size 3. FOV be the same size as sensor size 26. What is required to not get vignetting on the image. Sensor size is 1/3 1. Lens size be 1/4 2. Lens size be 1/3 3. Lens size be 1/2 4. Both 2 and 3 5. Both 1 and 2 27. What should first be calculated 1. working distance 2. f/# 3. MTF curve 4. Other options 28. When increasing the F/#, what happens to the MTF of a lens 1. Always increases 2. Always decreases 3. Performance of the lens increases until diffraction limit is reached 29. Image processing software and libraries are: 1. Generally the same 2. Key defining factors for choosing machine vision parts or system 3. Only in smart cameras  4. Important for PC based systems 30. Which is the first step to define in a vision system 1. Vision tools 2. Ethernet connections 3. Lighting and optics 4. Other stuff 31. Where do chromatic aberrations ocurr in lens 1. On-axis 2. Off-axis 3. Both on and off axis 4. Lenses dont have chromatic aberrations AIA 1 Basic questions: Specify what’s contrast? Correlation between variables in formulas. What affects more when you implement Vision project in plant Give light options. What process is better to eliminate ambient light question about dark ambient light Disadvantages of smart camera what’s camera is better for distribute a long a production line? AIA QUESTIONS DIGITAL CAMERAS Main difference between CCD and CMOS sensor: CCD. A charge-coupled device (also known as a CCD) is an integrated circuit containing a number of linked or coupled capacitors. CMOS. Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). - CMOS cameras are voltage-driven devices. - Light incident on the pixel generates a voltage proportional to the intensity. - The voltage is sampled directly at the pixel, digitized in the imager and erased for the next frame. - The CMOS imager has a fully digital output. The main difference between CCD and CMOS is how they transfer charge out of the pixel and into the camera electronics "Read Out". Advantages of microlenses: Microlenses increase the photon capture area of the pixel and concentrate the photons in the photosensitive area (Good "Fill Factor"). They are used in all CCD designs (color and monochrome). What is Quantum Efficiency? The proportion of light that the sensor converts into charge. 60% QE = For every 10 photons hitting a pixel, 6 electrons are released. The QE response is sensor specific. Camera design does not affect the QE curve. QE is given in absolute or relative terms. Relative QE is not useful for comparison. What is Full Well Capacity? Full Well Capacity is the maximum number of electrons that register a signal in a pixel. Larger pixels have a higher well capacity, which also translates into higher sensitivity, better Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and higher dynamic range. What is blooming and smearing and to which digital sensor does each belong? Blooming is known as the spreading of charges to adjacent pixels due to pixel oversaturation. This causes very bright spots to appear in the image. Smearing is similar to blooming. It is due to pixel saturation and light entering the vertical shift register during synchronization. Both belong to the CCD sensors. How can the effects of rolling shutter on CMOS sensors be reduced? A strobe light can be used to freeze motion and minimize the effects of rolling shutter. Why it happens: The rolling shutter is a method of image capture using a CMOS sensor, where the shutter captures the scene from a scan. The photograph or video does not correspond to an entire scene in an instant of time, but the shutter scans it quickly vertically or horizontally. In other words, not all parts of the scene are recorded at exactly the same moment. Which type of sensor offers higher acquisition speed CCD or CMOS? CMOS. Due to sequential data transfer, CCDs tend to be slower in terms of image acquisition, especially when handling high resolutions. Which one offers better image quality? Uses a separate CCD for each color. Very good image quality. All CCD designs use microlenses (increase the photon capture area of the pixel). CCD sensors tend to have higher image quality in terms of lower noise and better pixel uniformity. This is because all pixels of the sensor are read through a single output point, which minimizes readout variations and noise. CMOS sensors (Sony Pregius & ON SEMI Python) CMOS (Sony Pregius and ON SEMI Python) are more sensitive, have less noise and better signal to noise ratio than CCD. Historically CMOS were NOT sensitive, had noise (pattern noise) and low performance. Lower cost than CCD. Higher frame rate than CCDs. CCD Sensors Sony is phasing out CCD sensors. CCD sensors are more expensive with the same resolution. High cost vs. CMOS. Slower frame rate than CMOS. Is Frame Grabber required for digital cameras? No Frame Grabber is not required with Digital. List the problems of using analog cameras? Unstable pixels. Noise. EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) susceptibility. Dipswitch configuration. What is dynamic range? Dynamic range (DR): The measure of how well a camera can represent details when there are bright and dark areas. Dynamic range is the camera's ability to capture the greatest detail in the brightest or darkest areas of an image. Dynamic range refers to a camera's ability to capture detail in both the darkest and brightest areas of a scene. A greater dynamic range allows an image to contain more detail in the shadows and highlights, avoiding loss of information in these areas. Disadvantages of using a very high DR: Larger File Size. Slower Processing. Higher Shadow Noise. Loss of Contrast. Longer Exposure Times. Higher Power Consumption. What are the sources of Temporal Noise? Mention what each one is. Anything, besides light, that causes a pixel value to change over time (temperature, ADC errors, etc.). Measured by EMVA 1288. Some sources of temporal noise: Shot noise / Photon noise: Due to random light fluctuations. [Brighter/better light = less shot noise]. Dark current noise: The rate at which electrons are produced due to thermal effects. Every 8°C = dark noise doubles. [Cooler chamber = less dark noise].  Quantization Noise: Errors coming from the A/D conversion process. [Use better ADC = less quantization noise]. What are the sources of Spatial Noise? Mention what each one is. "Fixed Pattern Noise". Consistent non-uniformities in the image caused by poor sensor design, electrical noise, etc. - Bad sensor design - EMI (Electromagnetic Interference). What is the difference between Temporal Noise and Spatial Noise? Temporal Noise are temporary interferences that will cause errors in some occasions, but it is not constant in all captures and Spatial Noise are caused by bad design and will be constant in all captures. Of the following 3 communication interfaces, which one requires a frame grabber: GigE Vision, IEEE and Camera link. Various imaging devices available: Analog (RS170) and digital (GigE Vision, FireWire, Camera Link, USB) interfaces. GigE Vision: Frame Grabber companies may offer specific Artificial Vision boards. IEEE: IIDC 1394 "DCAM" based digital camera specification. Camera Link: Camera Link establishes a dedicated point-to-point link between the camera and the Frame Grabber for high speed and simple cabling concept. The Frame Grabber provides a special DLL file for the software to access through. In what kind of applications can a linear camera be used? Line Scan fits where constant object motion and high speeds are needed, it can be used in: Semiconductor wafer inspection. Photovoltaic cells. Food inspection/sorting. Film scanning. Postal applications. Medical/microscopy. What is gain in digital camera control? Auto Brigtness - Combination of Gain + Exposure. Increasing the gain will increase the visibility of both signal and noise. Gain refers to an adjustment applied to the signal captured by the camera to increase or decrease the intensity of light in the image. This adjustment can be made analogically at the camera sensor, digitally at the image processing stage, or by a combination of both. The camera gain is adjustable. Increasing the gain increases the slope of the camera response curve. This translates into a higher camera output gray value for a given amount of image sensor output. Gain refers to a setting that is applied to increase or decrease the strength of the signal captured by the image sensor. This adjustment is used to control the sensitivity of the sensor to light and can influence exposure, noise and image quality. If the exposure time is increased what happens with the Frame Rate (acquisition rate)? The image acquisition rate can be reduced with the increase. In a vision system, should one try to choose the highest or the lowest resolution? With more pixels you can achieve a higher level of detail. But more pixels is not necessarily better. More pixels = small pixels = low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Small pixels are difficult for lenses to distinguish. Always choose the lowest resolution possible for the application. High resolution = also high price. Main characteristics of the illumination: GSCF Geometry Structure Color Filtering  AIA CVP CERTIFICATION TEST Date: December 07, 2023. Note: Some questions have different wording, but the essence of the question is the same, most of the answers are the real answer presented in the certification test. What refers “AI” in vision system projects? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Any application that executes machine vision for automation. B. The use of a set of tools that allows the configuration and implementation of “Deep Learning” for object segmentation and classification. C. Rule based on algorithms or tools that function on discrete image data. D. All the above. What image is this? (Showed an Image with a scale of grays from 0 to 255). A. Binary. B. Grayscale – 8 bit per pixel. C. Color – RGB 8 bit per pixel. D. None of the above. What is contrast? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Contrast describes the relative difference in intensity between blacks and whites. B. Contrast describes what color images show up as on color cameras. C. Contrast is the same thing as the camera’s dynamic range. D. Contrast is a type of noise in an imaging system. How can light interact with the surface of the object? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Reflection. B. Transmission. C. Absorption. D. Emission. E. All the above. Which is not a part of integration? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Preparation. B. Design. C. Implementation. D. Sales. E. Other options. What is not a characteristic of a ROI? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. It can be specified as a rectangle in the image. B. It’s an area of the image that an image processing function operates on. C. It can be specified as a line in the image. D. Is a coordinate system (fixture). Angle of reflection = ____. (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Diffraction. B. Transmittance. C. Incidence. D. Archimedes. Which is a necessary skill for a vision professional? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Knowledge of optics concept. B. Software and/or controls programming and configuration. C. Mechanical. D. All the above. The formula for spot size (d) is d=2.44*wavelength*F/#. What happens if you decrease the wavelength? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing, the formula was expressed with mathematical symbols) A. The spot size will increase. B. The spot size will decrease. C. The spot size will stay the same. D. The spot size simultaneously gets bigger and smaller. What can affect lens performance? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Wavelength (color) of the light. B. f/#. C. Working distance. D. All the above. Which is a disadvantage of using lens color that use Bayern pattern filter? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. The color conversion operation cannot be done on the camera. B. Sensors with Bayern patterns are more expensive to manufacture than other color methods. C. Cameras with Bayern patterns have lower maximum Frames Per Second compared to other sensors. D. The Bayer pattern leads to lower effective spatial resolutions (similar redaction answer). Which interface has the lowest maximum bandwidth possible? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. USB2. B. CoaXPress. C. GigE Vision. If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Gain. B. Black Level. C. Exposure Time. Parts of the 3D spatial arrangement (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Object, light & camera. B. Lens, Ethernet topology & light. C. Pattern color & light. D. Other option (I don´t capture these options ). An image was shown with a line across a dark circle, and it showed the histogram of the line region. Which threshold is the best to extract dark circles from this image? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing) A. (0,71). B. (110,255). C. (128, 238). D. (7, 236). First step when developing a vision system. (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Preparing functional requirements and system requirements. B. Developing a preliminary bill of material. C. Identifying specific image processing tools for the application. D. Selecting vendors for key components. You have some red characters diffuse and a diffuse white background. Green LED lighting is used. What happens? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. A high contrast image. B. A low contrast image. C. A high contrast image but with many hot spots (high level of specularity). Which is a characteristic of LED light? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Always are highly diffuse. B. Can be obtained in a variety of physical geometries. C. Can be strobed at medium to high duty cycles. D. Have a long life but degrade quickly in a short amount of time. E. All the above. The spatial calibration… (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing) A. Can be used to correct for lens distortion. B. Can be used to measure the width of an object in real word-units. C. Can be used to correct for image distortion due to the camera position relative to the object. D. Does not improve the measurement resolution. Which is not a feature of Pattern Matching? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. Return a score for each match. B. Return the coordinates of each match. C. Measure the size of objects in the image. In managing machine vision how many sample parts are required for a successful design? A. At least 200 of each part type. B. Some good and some bad parts. C. A statistically import number of samples that show all the pass/fail conditions. Which measure of light power, not weighted to human vision is appropriate to monochromatic light sources? A. Photometric. B. Gravimetric. C. Radiometric. D. Cosmic. What is the maximum cable length for GigE? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. 10m. B. 50m. C. 100m. D. 1m. Which interfaces use GenICam? (The original redaction is different, but essentially said the same). A. USB 3 Vision. B. Camera Link. C. CoaXPress D. A, B & C. E. A & C. What is a backlight useful for? (The original redaction is different, but essentially said the same). A. Part shape, location, orientation, or size. B. Pick & Place machines. C. Generating contrast on semi-transparent or transparent objects. D. All the above. Which interface has the highest bandwidth possible? (The original redaction is different, but essentially said the same). A. USB 3 Vision. B. Camera Link HS. C. Camera Link. D. Other option (I don´t capture these options ) If you increase the working what happens with the FOV? (The original redaction is different, but essentially said the same). A. Increase. B. Decrease. C. Same. What of the following changes as the f/# is changed on a lens: A. Depth of field. B. MTF. C. Light throughput. D. All the above. Gain cannot be used to increase image quality (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. True. B. False. If you have a static object with low lighting, what is best to increase? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing) A. Gain. B. Black Level. C. Exposure. Image sensors for visible light are almost always made out of silicon? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. True. B. False. Is red ring light the best light to use for common applications? (The original wording is different, but essentially says the same thing). A. True. B. False. What makes a traditional lens object space telecentric? A. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in image space. B. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object space. C. Chief ray is parallel to the optical axis in object and image space. D. None of the above.