Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Pregnancy Complications

Study Notes

Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy, affecting up to 90% of women.
Class A1 (normal glucose tolerance test) is the most common type of GDM, and can be treated with diet alone.
Class A2 (abnormal glucose tolerance test with abnormal fasting or postprandial glucose levels) is more common, and requires treatment with diet and insulin.
Class B (insulin treated diabetic) is the most common type of GDM, and is usually caused by age 20 or older.
Class C (insulin treated) is the second most common type of GDM, and is caused by 10-19 years of age.
Class D (insulin-treated diabetic) is the third most common type of GDM, and is caused by under 10 years of age.
Class F (insulin treated) is the fourth most common type of GDM, and is caused by any age.
Class H (insulin treated) is the fifth most common type of GDM, and is caused by any age.
Class R (insulin treated) is the sixth most common type of GDM, and is caused by any age.
Class T (insulin treated) is the seventh most common type of GDM, and is caused by any age.
Classically, impaired glucose tolerance is diagnosed when plasma glucose levels are below 100 mg/dl, and diabetes is diagnosed when plasma glucose levels are 200 mg/dl or higher.
In the first trimester, implantation of the embryo can inhibit trophectoderm differentiation, and embryogenesis can increase oxidative stress affecting expression of critical genes essential for organogenesis.
Organogenesis can also increase the number of congenital defects.
Miscarriage can increase premature programmed cell death of key progenitor cells.

Description

This quiz covers the classification of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy, including different classes and their respective characteristics. It also delves into the impact of GDM on embryogenesis, organogenesis, and the risk of congenital defects and miscarriage.