Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Overview

<p>Increased fetal hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal differences in neonatal outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher than insulin use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfa allergy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk with glyburide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two or more thresholds met or exceeded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>165 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single set of diagnostic criteria can be selected by institutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>145 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5.3 mmol/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform diagnostic standards across all populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Below 95 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consume complex carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weekly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three meals and two to three snacks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are digested more slowly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary modifications and exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NPH insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fasting and postprandial values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>33–40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower fasting glucose values compared to conventional diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modify the frequency of measurements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both diets produced similar pregnancy outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least two measurements per day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous gestational diabetes mellitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension of 140/90 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk of adverse outcomes and treatment benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDL cholesterol level less than 35 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women with one abnormal value on the OGTT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They experienced higher rates of perinatal complications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-g oral glucose screening test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women with two or more abnormal values on a 3-hour OGTT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>130 mg/dL to 140 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may not be cost-effective. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Screen all pregnant women at or beyond 24 weeks of gestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No consensus exists on a single effective threshold value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It had lower false-positive rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marginally improved sensitivities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition where a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

GDM typically develops between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation.

Standardized diagnostic criteria are recommended for consistency in diagnosing GDM.

The Carpenter and Coustan criteria and the National Diabetes Data Group criteria are commonly used for GDM diagnosis.

Practitioners and institutions should choose a single set of criteria for consistency within their patient population.

The Carpenter and Coustan criteria use plasma or serum glucose levels for diagnosing GDM.

The National Diabetes Data Group also uses plasma glucose levels for diagnosing GDM.

While research is ongoing, individual practices and institutions can choose to use either criteria for consistent internal use.

A medical test used to diagnose gestational diabetes, involving the ingestion of 100 grams of glucose followed by blood glucose measurements over three hours.

A set of criteria used to diagnose gestational diabetes by evaluating blood glucose levels at various time points during the 100-g, 3-hour OGTT.

Results of the 100-g, 3-hour OGTT where one or more blood glucose levels exceed the normal range.

A condition where a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

Conditions that increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes.

Complications that can occur during pregnancy or childbirth due to gestational diabetes.

A study design where two or more groups are compared to see if one intervention or treatment is better than another.

The process of collecting data at a single point in time, essentially taking a snapshot of a population.

A 50-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a screening test to identify potential GDM in pregnant women. It involves drinking a glucose solution and having a blood sugar level checked one hour later.

If the 50-gram OGTT result is abnormal, a more comprehensive 100-gram OGTT is conducted. It involves drinking a larger glucose solution and having blood sugar levels checked at 3-hour intervals.

A woman is diagnosed with GDM if two or more of her blood sugar levels are abnormal during the 100-gram OGTT. This indicates her body isn't regulating blood sugar effectively during pregnancy.

The "threshold" is the blood sugar level that triggers further investigation for GDM. It varies between 130 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL, depending on the institution's policy.

While there's no conclusive evidence, a threshold of 140 mg/dL seems to have fewer false positives and better accuracy across different racial and ethnic groups.

The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening all pregnant women for GDM at or beyond 24 weeks of gestation.

The screening process involves using a combination of factors like personal history, previous pregnancy outcomes, and risk factors like obesity to identify women who may have GDM.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition where a pregnant woman develops high blood sugar levels.

The presence of high blood sugar levels after a meal.

Monitoring blood sugar levels before meals (fasting) or after meals (postprandial) allows for tracking and management of GDM.

Optimal glycemic targets (blood sugar levels) for pregnant women with GDM are not definitively established through controlled trials.

A diet plan that focuses on reducing the glycemic index (GI) of foods, which are foods that don't cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels.

A diet that includes complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, which typically digest more slowly.

A diet composed of 33-40% carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 40% fat has been suggested for managing GDM. However, the optimal dietary composition is still under investigation.

While a low-glycemic index diet and a complex carbohydrate diet may improve outcomes, the definitive recommended diet for GDM is still under investigation.

Non-pharmacologic (non-medicine) approaches to managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), aiming to control blood sugar levels without medication.

Dietary changes to manage GDM involve consuming complex carbohydrates, which are digested more slowly than simple carbohydrates, leading to less fluctuations in blood sugar.

Regular exercise, especially weight training, can improve insulin sensitivity and help control blood sugar levels in women with GDM.

Consistent monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential for GDM management, allowing for adjustments to diet, exercise, and medication if needed.

A type of insulin used in GDM management that provides a longer-lasting effect compared to short-acting insulin.

Examples of long-acting insulin that are commonly used to manage GDM.

Insulin analogues are modified forms of insulin that act faster or slower depending on their type, offering more flexibility in GDM management.

Short-acting insulin, such as insulin analogues, provide a rapid effect to quickly lower blood sugar levels after meals.

Metformin is a medication used to manage gestational diabetes. It lowers blood sugar levels, reduces gestational weight gain, and helps prevent neonatal hypoglycemia.

A statistical analysis method that combines data from multiple studies, including those with direct and indirect comparisons, to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of different treatments.

Glyburide is a medication used to manage gestational diabetes. It works by increasing insulin secretion and sensitivity in the body.

The occurrence of low blood sugar levels in a newborn infant, often due to insufficient glucose supply.

The size of a newborn baby. Macrosomia refers to a large-for-gestational-age infant, which is a potential complication of gestational diabetes.

A type of statistical comparison used to assess the relative strength of different treatments. The risk ratio (RR) indicates the likelihood of an event occurring in one treatment group compared to another.

Gestational diabetes is a condition that develops during pregnancy, characterized by high blood sugar levels. It can lead to health problems for both the mother and the baby.

A high blood pressure condition that can occur during pregnancy, often associated with gestational diabetes.