IETF Standards and Network Basics
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Which of the following tasks is not done by data link layer?

  • Flow control
  • Error control
  • Framing
  • Channel coding (correct)

    • Which sublayer of the data link layer performs data link functions that depend upon the type of medium?

  • Media access control sublayer (correct)
  • Network interface control sublayer
  • Error control sublayer
  • Logical link control sublayer

    • Header of a frame generally contains:

  • Addresses
  • Frame identifier
  • All of the mentioned (correct)
  • Synchronization bytes

    • Automatic repeat request error management mechanism is provided by:

    <p>Logical link control sublayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When 2 or more bits in a data unit have been changed during transmission, the error is called:

    <p>Burst error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CRC stands for:

    <p>Cyclic redundancy check</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a data link protocol?

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the multiple access protocol for channel access control?

    <p>Both CSMA/CD &amp; CSMA/CA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is called:

    <p>Piggybacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream before passing it to:

    <p>Network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are transport layer protocols used in networking?

    <p>TCP and UDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    User Datagram Protocol is called connectionless because:

    <p>All UDP packets are treated independently by transport layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transmission Control Protocol:

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An endpoint of an inter-process communication flow across a computer network is called:

    <p>Socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Socket-style API for Windows is called:

    <p>Winsock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a version of UDP with congestion control?

    <p>Datagram Congestion Control Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is a TCP name for a transport service access point.

    <p>Port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transport layer protocols deal with:

    <p>Process to process communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a transport layer protocol?

    <p>Stream Control Transmission Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The network layer is concerned with:

    <p>Packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is not a function of the network layer?

    <p>Error control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 4 byte IP address consists of:

    <p>Network address &amp; host address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a virtual circuit network, each packet contains:

    <p>A short VC number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routing algorithms can be used for network layer design?

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not correct concerning multi-destination routing?

    <p>Data is not sent by packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A subset of a network that includes all the routers but contains no loops is called:

    <p>Spanning tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following algorithms is not used for congestion control?

    <p>Routing Information Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The network layer protocol for the internet is:

    <p>Internet Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ICMP is primarily used for:

    <p>Error and diagnostic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not an application layer protocol?

    <p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The packet of information at the application layer is called:

    <p>Message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an architecture paradigm?

    <p>Both Peer-to-Peer &amp; Client-Server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Application developer has permission to decide the following on transport layer side:

    <p>Both Transport layer protocol and Maximum buffer size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Application layer offers _______ service.

    <p>End to end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E-mail is _________

    <p>Elastic application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pick the odd one out.

    <p>Interactive games</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an application layer service?

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To deliver a message to the correct application program running on a host, the _______ address must be consulted.

    <p>Port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a time-sensitive service?

    <p>Internet telephony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transport services available to applications in one or another form ________.

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electronic mail uses which Application layer protocol?

    <p>SMTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The entire hostname has a maximum of __________.

    <p>255 characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A DNS client is called _________.

    <p>DNS resolver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Servers handle requests for other domains _______.

    <p>By contacting remote DNS server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNS database contains _______.

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a server has no clue about where to find the address for a hostname, then _______.

    <p>Server asks to the root server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following allows clients to update their DNS entry as their IP address changes?

    <p>Dynamic DNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wildcard domain names start with label _______.

    <ul> <li></li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars which are accredited by _______.

    <p>Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The domain name system is maintained by _______.

    <p>Distributed database system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is not true?

    <p>A single hostname may correspond to a single IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A piece of icon or image on a web page associated with another webpage is called ______.

    <p>Hyperlink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic web page ______.

    <p>Generates on demand by a program or a request from browser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a web browser?

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common gateway interface is used to _______.

    <p>Generate executable files from web content by web server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    URL stands for ________.

    <p>Uniform resource locator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A web cookie is a small piece of data that is _______.

    <p>Sent from a website and stored in user’s web browser while a user is browsing a website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is not used to generate dynamic web pages?

    <p>CSS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An alternative to JavaScript on Windows platform is _______.

    <p>VBScript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is document object model (DOM)?

    <p>Convention for representing and interacting with objects in HTML documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The TTL field has value 10. How many routers (max) can process this datagram?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the value in the protocol field is 17, the transport layer protocol used is _____________.

    <p>UDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The data field cannot carry which of the following?

    <p>ICMP messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the flag value to indicate the last fragment?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is not applicable for IP protocol?

    <p>Offer reliable service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demerits does fragmentation have?

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field helps to check the rearrangement of the fragments?

    <p>Offset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IETF standards documents are called ________

    <p>RFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the layer hierarchy as the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are ___________

    <p>Added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure or format of data is called ___________

    <p>Syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves ______________ transmission.

    <p>Simplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first Network was called ________

    <p>ARPANET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _______ is the physical path over which a message travels.

    <p>Medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has authority over interstate and international commerce in the communications field?

    <p>FCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of this is not a network edge device?

    <p>Switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _________ set of rules that governs data communication.

    <p>Protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three or more devices share a link in ________ connection.

    <p>Multipoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a collection of various computers seems a single coherent system to its client, then it is called _________

    <p>Distributed system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two devices are in a network if __________

    <p>A process in one device is able to exchange information with a process in another device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following computer networks is built on the top of another network?

    <p>Overlay network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In computer networks, nodes are _________

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the network in ________

    <p>Broadcast network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bluetooth is an example of __________

    <p>Personal area network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet.

    <p>Router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A list of protocols used by a system, one protocol per layer, is called ________

    <p>Protocol stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Network congestion occurs _________

    <p>In case of traffic overloading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following networks extends a private network across public networks?

    <p>Virtual private network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of this is not a constituent of residential telephone line?

    <p>A low-speed downstream channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DSL telcos provide which of the following services?

    <p>Wired phone access and ISP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of DSLAM is to __________

    <p>Convert analog signals into digital signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is not associated with DSL?

    <p>CMTS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HFC contains _______

    <p>A combination of Fibre cable and Coaxial cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is not applicable for cable internet access?

    <p>Analog signal is converted to digital signal in DSLAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the optical-distribution architectures that are essentially switched ethernet is __________

    <p>AON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    StarBand provides __________

    <p>Satellite access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Home Access is provided by __________

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ONT is connected to the splitter using _________

    <p>Optical cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affect transmission rate in DSL?

    <p>The gauge of the twisted-pair line and degree of electrical interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers are present in the Internet protocol stack (TCP/IP model)?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is __________

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers is an addition to the OSI model when compared with the TCP/IP model?

    <p>Session and Presentation layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Application layer is implemented in ____________

    <p>End system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transport layer is implemented in ______________

    <p>End system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functionalities of the presentation layer include ____________

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delimiting and synchronization of data exchange is provided by __________

    <p>Session layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In OSI model, when data is sent from device A to device B, the 5th layer to receive data at B is _________

    <p>Session layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In TCP/IP Model, when data is sent from device A to device B, the 5th layer to receive data at B is ____________

    <p>Application layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the OSI model, as a data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are _______

    <p>Removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements can be associated with OSI model?

    <p>Functionality at one layer no way requires information from another layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OSI stands for __________

    <p>Open System Interconnection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is __________

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TCP/IP model does not have ______ layer but OSI model have this layer.

    <p>Session layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is used to link the network support layers and user support layers?

    <p>Transport layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which address is used on the internet for employing the TCP/IP protocols?

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TCP/IP model was developed _____ the OSI model.

    <p>Prior to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is responsible for process to process delivery in a general network model?

    <p>Transport layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which address is used to identify a process on a host by the transport layer?

    <p>Port address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer provides the services to the user?

    <p>Application layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transmission data rate is decided by ____________

    <p>Physical layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physical layer is concerned with ___________

    <p>Bit-by-bit delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transmission media provides the highest transmission speed in a network?

    <p>Optical fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bits can be sent over guided and unguided media as analog signal by ___________

    <p>Digital modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The portion of the physical layer that interfaces with the media access control sublayer is called ___________

    <p>Physical signaling sublayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physical layer provides __________

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asynchronous serial communication the physical layer provides ___________

    <p>Both start &amp; stop signaling and flow control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physical layer is responsible for __________

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physical layer translates logical communication requests from the ______ into hardware specific operations.

    <p>Data link layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single channel is shared by multiple signals by ____________

    <p>Multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wireless transmission of signals can be done via ___________

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The data link layer takes the packets from _________ and encapsulates them into frames for transmission.

    <p>Network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classless addressing, there are no classes but addresses are still granted in ______.

    <p>Blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IPv4 Addresses, classful addressing is replaced with ________.

    <p>Classless Addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    First address in a block is used as network address that represents the ________.

    <p>Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classful addressing, a large part of available addresses are ________.

    <p>Wasted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Network addresses are a very important concept of ________.

    <p>IP Addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of this is not a class of IP address? ______.

    <p>Class F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A local telephone network is an example of a _______ network.

    <p>Circuit switched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most packet switches use this principle ____________.

    <p>Store and forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there are N routers from source to destination, the total end to end delay in sending packet P (L->number of bits in the packet R->transmission rate) is equal to ______________.

    <p>(N*L)/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Methods to move data through a network of links and switches? ______.

    <p>Packet switching and Circuit switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The required resources for communication between end systems are reserved for the duration of the session between end systems in ________ method.

    <p>Circuit switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the resources are reserved between two communicating end systems in circuit switching, ___________ is achieved.

    <p>Guaranteed constant rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In _________ systems, resources are allocated on demand.

    <p>Packet switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an application layer service? ______.

    <p>Error control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ allows LAN users to share computer programs and data.

    <p>File server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With respect to physical media, STP cables stands for _________.

    <p>Shielded Twisted Pair Cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A standalone program that has been modified to work on a LAN by including concurrency controls such as file and record locking is an example of ___________.

    <p>LAN intrinsic software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ portion of LAN management software restricts access, records user activities and audit data, etc.

    <p>Security management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the max length of the Shielded twisted pair cable?

    <p>100 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connector does the STP cable use?

    <p>RJ-45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central device in star topology?

    <p>Hub/switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following architecture uses the CSMA/CD access method?

    <p>Ethernet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and DEC net?

    <p>Ethernet II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Novell’s implementation of RIP updates routing tables every _________ seconds.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is also called as _____________.

    <p>Link state protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The computation of the shortest path in OSPF is usually done by ____________.

    <p>Dijkstra’s algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet frame consists of ____________.

    <p>MAC address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is start frame delimiter (SFD) in ethernet frame?

    <p>10101011</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MAC address is of ___________.

    <p>48 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autonegotiation?

    <p>A procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A point-to-point protocol over ethernet is a network protocol for __________.

    <p>Encapsulating PPP frames inside Ethernet frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High speed and long ethernet works on _________.

    <p>Optical fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum size of payload field in ethernet frame is __________.

    <p>1500 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EIGRP is a routing protocol designed by Cisco.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Administrative distance for internal EIGRP is ______.

    <p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For default gateway, which of the following commands will you use on a Cisco router?

    <p>IP default network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Administrative distance for external EIGRP route is _______.

    <p>170</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EIGRP uses the ____________ algorithm for finding shortest path.

    <p>DUAL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In EIGRP best path is known as the successor, whereas backup path is known as __________.

    <p>Feasible successor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) provides __________ to the client.

    <p>IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DHCP is used for ________.

    <p>Both IPv6 and IPv4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DHCP server ________.

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IP assigned for a client by DHCP server is ______.

    <p>For a limited period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DHCP uses UDP port _________ for sending data to the server.

    <p>67</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DHCP server can provide the _______ of the IP addresses.

    <p>All of the mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DHCP client and servers on the same subnet communicate via ________.

    <p>UDP broadcast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After obtaining the IP address, to prevent the IP conflict the client may use ________.

    <p>Address resolution protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DHCP snooping?

    <p>Techniques applied to ensure the security of an existing DHCP infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If DHCP snooping is configured on a LAN switch, then clients having specific ______ can access the network.

    <p>Both MAC address and IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information given, what is the minimum number of computers that you’ll need to create a network?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To access the intranet with an FTP site, which protocol needs to be installed on your computer?

    <p>TCP/IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of network model is being used in an organization where you have sole responsibility of managing resources across a secure server room?

    <p>Centralized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given multiple networked resources across different floors, what type of network model is being utilized?

    <p>Client/Server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of network model is reflected if users can perform limited administration on clustered servers?

    <p>Decentralized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fastest type of connection recommended to connect two networks in different cities?

    <p>T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of networks are being used in an environment where sales appointments are synced with the PDAs when staff enters the main reception?

    <p>MAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology is being used if all computers are connected together using a single cable?

    <p>Bus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Looking at a scenario where computers in different buildings are interconnected, which topology is being used?

    <p>Wireless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a new file server is introduced with 110 m of cable resulting in corrupt data issues, what likely caused the problem?

    <p>Attenuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In examining a network where electromagnetic interference is present, what is the most probable cause?

    <p>Electromagnetic interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most susceptible type of transmission to errors caused by crosstalk?

    <p>UTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IETF Standards and Protocols

    • IETF standards documents are known as RFC (Request For Comments).
    • Each layer in data packet hierarchy adds its own header as the packet moves downwards.

    Data Structure and Communication

    • The structure or format of data is termed syntax.
    • Communication between devices can be simplex, where data flows in one direction.

    Network History and Basics

    • The first network to use TCP/IP protocol was ARPANET, established in 1969.
    • A medium is defined as the physical path for data transmission, which can be wired or wireless.

    Network Organizations

    • The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates interstate and international communications.
    • Network edge devices include PCs, smartphones, and servers, whereas switches are not categorized as edge devices.

    Networking Concepts

    • A set of rules governing data communication is called protocols, critical for proper network functionality.
    • Multipoint connections occur when three or more devices share a link.
    • A distributed system presents a collection of interconnected computers as a single coherent system.

    Network Nodes and Overlays

    • In networks, nodes include devices capable of sending, receiving, or routing data.
    • An overlay network operates on top of another network, examples include VPNs and Peer-to-Peer networks.

    Communication Methods and Models

    • In a broadcast network, the communication channel is shared by all machines.
    • Bluetooth technology exemplifies a personal area network.

    Router and Transmission Methods

    • Routers forward packets between networks based on routing information.
    • Network congestion arises from traffic overload, necessitating congestion control techniques.

    Internet Access and DSL

    • Virtual private networks (VPNs) extend private networks across public networks, enhancing security and anonymity.
    • DSL services combine wired phone access and internet service provision.

    Signal Conversion and Cable Types

    • DSLAM converts analog signals to digital signals.
    • Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) networks utilize both fiber and coaxial cables.

    TCP/IP and OSI Models

    • The Internet protocol stack, known as TCP/IP, comprises five layers: Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.
    • The OSI reference model consists of seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.

    Layer Functions and Implementations

    • The presentation layer handles data compression, encryption, and translation between machine and human-readable formats.
    • In OSI, as data moves from lower to upper layers, headers are removed, while the reverse adds headers.

    Characteristics and Purpose of OSI

    • OSI stands for Open System Interconnection, providing a structured approach for network communication.
    • Each layer in OSI uses protocols tailored for its functionality, ensuring systematic communication.

    Summary of Model Differences

    • The OSI model includes presentation and session layers, which are not separately defined in the TCP/IP model.
    • Each implementation layer operates in the respective end systems, emphasizing the importance of processing and communication efficiency.

    Further Insights

    • Factors influencing DSL transmission rates include the gauge of the twisted-pair line and electrical interference.
    • The ONT connects to a splitter via optical cable, which is critical for converting light signals into usable electric signals for networking devices.### OSI and TCP/IP Models
    • The OSI reference model includes a session layer not present in the TCP/IP model.
    • Functions of the presentation and session layers in OSI are managed by the transport layer in TCP/IP.

    Transport Layer

    • Acts as a link between network support layers (physical, data link, network) and user support layers (session, presentation, application).
    • Responsible for process-to-process delivery using protocols like TCP and UDP.
    • Segments data and uses port numbers to identify processes on a host.

    Addressing in TCP/IP

    • Various addresses used include physical (MAC), logical, port, and specific addresses.
    • TCP/IP addresses focus on internet implementation; all addressing schemes apply to both TCP/IP and OSI models.

    Development Timeline

    • TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model, with prototypes emerging from 1978-1983, while OSI was introduced in 1984.

    Physical Layer Functions

    • Deals with bit-by-bit delivery, encompassing transmission standards involving cables and connections.
    • Determines transmission data rate; optical fiber cables provide the highest speed (~1000Mb/s).

    Wireless Transmission

    • Possible through radio waves, microwaves, and infrared.
    • Each medium has distinct properties regarding wall penetration and usage in communications.
    • Receives packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames for transmission.
    • Handles framing, error control, and flow control; channel coding is a physical layer function.

    Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

    • Managed by the logical link control sublayer for error handling in data communication.

    Socket and APIs

    • A socket serves as the endpoint in network communication.
    • Winsock is the socket-style API for Windows, governing internet application requests.

    Transport Layer Protocols

    • Major protocols: TCP (connection-oriented) and UDP (connectionless).
    • TCP ensures reliable delivery with a three-way handshake while UDP prioritizes speed over reliability.

    Network Layer Responsibilities

    • Manages packets of data, ensuring appropriate encapsulation and transmission from higher layers down to the physical layer.

    Multiplexing and Error Management

    • Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a single channel.
    • Techniques like piggybacking enhance efficiency by combining acknowledgments with data frames.

    Concepts of Data Integrity

    • Burst errors occur when multiple bits in a data unit change during transmission.
    • Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) helps detect these errors in transmitted data but not correct them.

    Conclusion

    • Different layers of network models serve distinct roles in ensuring data is efficiently transmitted and received while maintaining integrity and communication reliability.### Routing and Layer Functions
    • In the OSI model, the network layer (third layer) provides data routing paths for network communications.
    • Error control is managed at the data link layer and transport layer.

    IP Address Structure

    • A 4-byte (32 bits) IP address comprises both a network address and a host address, depending on the address class.

    Virtual Circuit Networks

    • In virtual circuit networks, each packet contains a short VC number (Virtual Circuit Identifier), facilitating data transfer across a larger packet-switched network.

    Routing Algorithms

    • Routing algorithms like shortest path, distance vector, and link state routing all can be utilized for network layer design.

    Multi-Destination Routing

    • Multi-destination routing involves multiple receivers, with routes identified by the routing algorithm; it often overlaps with broadcast routing.

    Spanning Tree Protocol

    • A spanning tree is a subset of a network that includes all routers but contains no loops, used to maintain efficient network topology.

    Congestion Control

    • Congestion control techniques include traffic-aware routing, admission control, and load shedding; routing information protocol does not contribute to congestion control.

    Network Layer Protocols

    • The primary network layer protocol for the internet is the Internet Protocol (IP).

    ICMP Functionality

    • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is primarily used for error and diagnostic functions in networking.

    Application Layer Protocols

    • Protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP operate at the application layer; however, TCP belongs to the transport layer.

    Data Packet Structure

    • In the application layer, the packet of information is referred to as a "Message"; different layers have different data formats such as segments and frames.

    Service Architectures

    • Application services can be structured as client-server or peer-to-peer models.

    Application Layer Services

    • The application layer offers end-to-end services, including file transfer, mail services, and network virtual terminal services.

    Domain Name System (DNS)

    • A hostname can be a maximum of 255 characters, and the DNS database contains hostname-to-address records and name server records.
    • Dynamic DNS allows clients to update their DNS entries automatically as their IPs change.

    Routers and DNS Resolution

    • When a server is uncertain of a hostname's address, it queries the root server for resolution.

    Wildcard Domain Names

    • Wildcard domain names start with an asterisk (*) and match requests to non-existent domain names.

    Internet Standards and Governance

    • Domain name registration is overseen by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).

    Document Object Model (DOM)

    • The DOM is a hierarchical representation of HTML or XML documents, allowing interaction with various document objects.

    Data Transmission Dynamics

    • The TTL (Time to Live) field in a packet indicates how many routers (or hops) can process the datagram before it is discarded.

    Fragmentation Rule

    • Fragmentation can complicate router operations and is vulnerable to certain types of attacks, such as DoS attacks.

    IP Protocol Characteristics

    • The IP protocol is inherently connectionless, offers unreliable service, and does not provide error reporting.

    Web Cookies

    • Web cookies are small data pieces sent from a website and stored in the user's browser, enhancing the browsing experience.

    Dynamic Web Pages

    • Dynamic web pages generate content based on user interaction or events and utilize technologies such as JavaScript and server-side scripts.

    Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

    • CGI is used to execute console-based files on a web server, generating dynamic content in response to HTTP requests.

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    Description

    This quiz covers IETF standards, data structure, and the history of networking. Test your knowledge on TCP/IP protocols and communication methods used in networks. Whether you're familiar with RFCs or the basic principles of networking, this quiz will assess your understanding.

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