Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following tasks is not done by data link layer?
Which of the following tasks is not done by data link layer?
- Flow control
- Error control
- Framing
- Channel coding (correct)
Which sublayer of the data link layer performs data link functions that depend upon the type of medium?
Which sublayer of the data link layer performs data link functions that depend upon the type of medium?
- Media access control sublayer (correct)
- Network interface control sublayer
- Error control sublayer
- Logical link control sublayer
Header of a frame generally contains:
Header of a frame generally contains:
- Addresses
- Frame identifier
- All of the mentioned (correct)
- Synchronization bytes
Automatic repeat request error management mechanism is provided by:
Automatic repeat request error management mechanism is provided by:
When 2 or more bits in a data unit have been changed during transmission, the error is called:
When 2 or more bits in a data unit have been changed during transmission, the error is called:
CRC stands for:
CRC stands for:
Which of the following is a data link protocol?
Which of the following is a data link protocol?
Which of the following is the multiple access protocol for channel access control?
Which of the following is the multiple access protocol for channel access control?
The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is called:
The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is called:
Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream before passing it to:
Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream before passing it to:
Which of the following are transport layer protocols used in networking?
Which of the following are transport layer protocols used in networking?
User Datagram Protocol is called connectionless because:
User Datagram Protocol is called connectionless because:
Transmission Control Protocol:
Transmission Control Protocol:
An endpoint of an inter-process communication flow across a computer network is called:
An endpoint of an inter-process communication flow across a computer network is called:
Socket-style API for Windows is called:
Socket-style API for Windows is called:
Which one of the following is a version of UDP with congestion control?
Which one of the following is a version of UDP with congestion control?
A _____ is a TCP name for a transport service access point.
A _____ is a TCP name for a transport service access point.
Transport layer protocols deal with:
Transport layer protocols deal with:
Which of the following is a transport layer protocol?
Which of the following is a transport layer protocol?
The network layer is concerned with:
The network layer is concerned with:
Which one of the following is not a function of the network layer?
Which one of the following is not a function of the network layer?
A 4 byte IP address consists of:
A 4 byte IP address consists of:
In a virtual circuit network, each packet contains:
In a virtual circuit network, each packet contains:
Which of the following routing algorithms can be used for network layer design?
Which of the following routing algorithms can be used for network layer design?
Which of the following is not correct concerning multi-destination routing?
Which of the following is not correct concerning multi-destination routing?
A subset of a network that includes all the routers but contains no loops is called:
A subset of a network that includes all the routers but contains no loops is called:
Which one of the following algorithms is not used for congestion control?
Which one of the following algorithms is not used for congestion control?
The network layer protocol for the internet is:
The network layer protocol for the internet is:
ICMP is primarily used for:
ICMP is primarily used for:
Which is not an application layer protocol?
Which is not an application layer protocol?
The packet of information at the application layer is called:
The packet of information at the application layer is called:
Which one of the following is an architecture paradigm?
Which one of the following is an architecture paradigm?
Application developer has permission to decide the following on transport layer side:
Application developer has permission to decide the following on transport layer side:
Application layer offers _______ service.
Application layer offers _______ service.
E-mail is _________
E-mail is _________
Pick the odd one out.
Pick the odd one out.
Which of the following is an application layer service?
Which of the following is an application layer service?
To deliver a message to the correct application program running on a host, the _______ address must be consulted.
To deliver a message to the correct application program running on a host, the _______ address must be consulted.
Which is a time-sensitive service?
Which is a time-sensitive service?
Transport services available to applications in one or another form ________.
Transport services available to applications in one or another form ________.
Electronic mail uses which Application layer protocol?
Electronic mail uses which Application layer protocol?
The entire hostname has a maximum of __________.
The entire hostname has a maximum of __________.
A DNS client is called _________.
A DNS client is called _________.
Servers handle requests for other domains _______.
Servers handle requests for other domains _______.
DNS database contains _______.
DNS database contains _______.
If a server has no clue about where to find the address for a hostname, then _______.
If a server has no clue about where to find the address for a hostname, then _______.
Which one of the following allows clients to update their DNS entry as their IP address changes?
Which one of the following allows clients to update their DNS entry as their IP address changes?
Wildcard domain names start with label _______.
Wildcard domain names start with label _______.
The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars which are accredited by _______.
The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars which are accredited by _______.
The domain name system is maintained by _______.
The domain name system is maintained by _______.
Which one of the following is not true?
Which one of the following is not true?
A piece of icon or image on a web page associated with another webpage is called ______.
A piece of icon or image on a web page associated with another webpage is called ______.
Dynamic web page ______.
Dynamic web page ______.
What is a web browser?
What is a web browser?
Common gateway interface is used to _______.
Common gateway interface is used to _______.
URL stands for ________.
URL stands for ________.
A web cookie is a small piece of data that is _______.
A web cookie is a small piece of data that is _______.
Which one of the following is not used to generate dynamic web pages?
Which one of the following is not used to generate dynamic web pages?
An alternative to JavaScript on Windows platform is _______.
An alternative to JavaScript on Windows platform is _______.
What is document object model (DOM)?
What is document object model (DOM)?
The TTL field has value 10. How many routers (max) can process this datagram?
The TTL field has value 10. How many routers (max) can process this datagram?
If the value in the protocol field is 17, the transport layer protocol used is _____________.
If the value in the protocol field is 17, the transport layer protocol used is _____________.
The data field cannot carry which of the following?
The data field cannot carry which of the following?
What should be the flag value to indicate the last fragment?
What should be the flag value to indicate the last fragment?
Which of these is not applicable for IP protocol?
Which of these is not applicable for IP protocol?
Which of the following demerits does fragmentation have?
Which of the following demerits does fragmentation have?
Which field helps to check the rearrangement of the fragments?
Which field helps to check the rearrangement of the fragments?
The IETF standards documents are called ________
The IETF standards documents are called ________
In the layer hierarchy as the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are ___________
In the layer hierarchy as the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are ___________
The structure or format of data is called ___________
The structure or format of data is called ___________
Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves ______________ transmission.
Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves ______________ transmission.
The first Network was called ________
The first Network was called ________
A _______ is the physical path over which a message travels.
A _______ is the physical path over which a message travels.
Which organization has authority over interstate and international commerce in the communications field?
Which organization has authority over interstate and international commerce in the communications field?
Which of this is not a network edge device?
Which of this is not a network edge device?
A _________ set of rules that governs data communication.
A _________ set of rules that governs data communication.
Three or more devices share a link in ________ connection.
Three or more devices share a link in ________ connection.
When a collection of various computers seems a single coherent system to its client, then it is called _________
When a collection of various computers seems a single coherent system to its client, then it is called _________
Two devices are in a network if __________
Two devices are in a network if __________
Which of the following computer networks is built on the top of another network?
Which of the following computer networks is built on the top of another network?
In computer networks, nodes are _________
In computer networks, nodes are _________
Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the network in ________
Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the network in ________
Bluetooth is an example of __________
Bluetooth is an example of __________
A __________ is a device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet.
A __________ is a device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet.
A list of protocols used by a system, one protocol per layer, is called ________
A list of protocols used by a system, one protocol per layer, is called ________
Network congestion occurs _________
Network congestion occurs _________
Which of the following networks extends a private network across public networks?
Which of the following networks extends a private network across public networks?
Which of this is not a constituent of residential telephone line?
Which of this is not a constituent of residential telephone line?
DSL telcos provide which of the following services?
DSL telcos provide which of the following services?
The function of DSLAM is to __________
The function of DSLAM is to __________
Which of the following terms is not associated with DSL?
Which of the following terms is not associated with DSL?
HFC contains _______
HFC contains _______
Which of the following statements is not applicable for cable internet access?
Which of the following statements is not applicable for cable internet access?
Among the optical-distribution architectures that are essentially switched ethernet is __________
Among the optical-distribution architectures that are essentially switched ethernet is __________
StarBand provides __________
StarBand provides __________
Home Access is provided by __________
Home Access is provided by __________
ONT is connected to the splitter using _________
ONT is connected to the splitter using _________
Which of the following factors affect transmission rate in DSL?
Which of the following factors affect transmission rate in DSL?
How many layers are present in the Internet protocol stack (TCP/IP model)?
How many layers are present in the Internet protocol stack (TCP/IP model)?
The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is __________
The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is __________
Which of the following layers is an addition to the OSI model when compared with the TCP/IP model?
Which of the following layers is an addition to the OSI model when compared with the TCP/IP model?
Application layer is implemented in ____________
Application layer is implemented in ____________
Transport layer is implemented in ______________
Transport layer is implemented in ______________
The functionalities of the presentation layer include ____________
The functionalities of the presentation layer include ____________
Delimiting and synchronization of data exchange is provided by __________
Delimiting and synchronization of data exchange is provided by __________
In OSI model, when data is sent from device A to device B, the 5th layer to receive data at B is _________
In OSI model, when data is sent from device A to device B, the 5th layer to receive data at B is _________
In TCP/IP Model, when data is sent from device A to device B, the 5th layer to receive data at B is ____________
In TCP/IP Model, when data is sent from device A to device B, the 5th layer to receive data at B is ____________
In the OSI model, as a data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are _______
In the OSI model, as a data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are _______
Which of the following statements can be associated with OSI model?
Which of the following statements can be associated with OSI model?
OSI stands for __________
OSI stands for __________
The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is __________
The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is __________
TCP/IP model does not have ______ layer but OSI model have this layer.
TCP/IP model does not have ______ layer but OSI model have this layer.
Which layer is used to link the network support layers and user support layers?
Which layer is used to link the network support layers and user support layers?
Which address is used on the internet for employing the TCP/IP protocols?
Which address is used on the internet for employing the TCP/IP protocols?
TCP/IP model was developed _____ the OSI model.
TCP/IP model was developed _____ the OSI model.
Which layer is responsible for process to process delivery in a general network model?
Which layer is responsible for process to process delivery in a general network model?
Which address is used to identify a process on a host by the transport layer?
Which address is used to identify a process on a host by the transport layer?
Which layer provides the services to the user?
Which layer provides the services to the user?
Transmission data rate is decided by ____________
Transmission data rate is decided by ____________
The physical layer is concerned with ___________
The physical layer is concerned with ___________
Which transmission media provides the highest transmission speed in a network?
Which transmission media provides the highest transmission speed in a network?
Bits can be sent over guided and unguided media as analog signal by ___________
Bits can be sent over guided and unguided media as analog signal by ___________
The portion of the physical layer that interfaces with the media access control sublayer is called ___________
The portion of the physical layer that interfaces with the media access control sublayer is called ___________
The physical layer provides __________
The physical layer provides __________
In asynchronous serial communication the physical layer provides ___________
In asynchronous serial communication the physical layer provides ___________
The physical layer is responsible for __________
The physical layer is responsible for __________
The physical layer translates logical communication requests from the ______ into hardware specific operations.
The physical layer translates logical communication requests from the ______ into hardware specific operations.
A single channel is shared by multiple signals by ____________
A single channel is shared by multiple signals by ____________
Wireless transmission of signals can be done via ___________
Wireless transmission of signals can be done via ___________
The data link layer takes the packets from _________ and encapsulates them into frames for transmission.
The data link layer takes the packets from _________ and encapsulates them into frames for transmission.
In classless addressing, there are no classes but addresses are still granted in ______.
In classless addressing, there are no classes but addresses are still granted in ______.
In IPv4 Addresses, classful addressing is replaced with ________.
In IPv4 Addresses, classful addressing is replaced with ________.
First address in a block is used as network address that represents the ________.
First address in a block is used as network address that represents the ________.
In classful addressing, a large part of available addresses are ________.
In classful addressing, a large part of available addresses are ________.
Network addresses are a very important concept of ________.
Network addresses are a very important concept of ________.
Which of this is not a class of IP address? ______.
Which of this is not a class of IP address? ______.
A local telephone network is an example of a _______ network.
A local telephone network is an example of a _______ network.
Most packet switches use this principle ____________.
Most packet switches use this principle ____________.
If there are N routers from source to destination, the total end to end delay in sending packet P (L->number of bits in the packet R->transmission rate) is equal to ______________.
If there are N routers from source to destination, the total end to end delay in sending packet P (L->number of bits in the packet R->transmission rate) is equal to ______________.
What are the Methods to move data through a network of links and switches? ______.
What are the Methods to move data through a network of links and switches? ______.
The required resources for communication between end systems are reserved for the duration of the session between end systems in ________ method.
The required resources for communication between end systems are reserved for the duration of the session between end systems in ________ method.
As the resources are reserved between two communicating end systems in circuit switching, ___________ is achieved.
As the resources are reserved between two communicating end systems in circuit switching, ___________ is achieved.
In _________ systems, resources are allocated on demand.
In _________ systems, resources are allocated on demand.
Which of the following is not an application layer service? ______.
Which of the following is not an application layer service? ______.
_____________ allows LAN users to share computer programs and data.
_____________ allows LAN users to share computer programs and data.
With respect to physical media, STP cables stands for _________.
With respect to physical media, STP cables stands for _________.
A standalone program that has been modified to work on a LAN by including concurrency controls such as file and record locking is an example of ___________.
A standalone program that has been modified to work on a LAN by including concurrency controls such as file and record locking is an example of ___________.
The __________ portion of LAN management software restricts access, records user activities and audit data, etc.
The __________ portion of LAN management software restricts access, records user activities and audit data, etc.
What is the max length of the Shielded twisted pair cable?
What is the max length of the Shielded twisted pair cable?
Which connector does the STP cable use?
Which connector does the STP cable use?
What is the central device in star topology?
What is the central device in star topology?
Which of the following architecture uses the CSMA/CD access method?
Which of the following architecture uses the CSMA/CD access method?
Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and DEC net?
Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and DEC net?
Novell’s implementation of RIP updates routing tables every _________ seconds.
Novell’s implementation of RIP updates routing tables every _________ seconds.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is also called as _____________.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is also called as _____________.
The computation of the shortest path in OSPF is usually done by ____________.
The computation of the shortest path in OSPF is usually done by ____________.
Ethernet frame consists of ____________.
Ethernet frame consists of ____________.
What is start frame delimiter (SFD) in ethernet frame?
What is start frame delimiter (SFD) in ethernet frame?
MAC address is of ___________.
MAC address is of ___________.
What is autonegotiation?
What is autonegotiation?
A point-to-point protocol over ethernet is a network protocol for __________.
A point-to-point protocol over ethernet is a network protocol for __________.
High speed and long ethernet works on _________.
High speed and long ethernet works on _________.
The maximum size of payload field in ethernet frame is __________.
The maximum size of payload field in ethernet frame is __________.
EIGRP is a routing protocol designed by Cisco.
EIGRP is a routing protocol designed by Cisco.
Administrative distance for internal EIGRP is ______.
Administrative distance for internal EIGRP is ______.
For default gateway, which of the following commands will you use on a Cisco router?
For default gateway, which of the following commands will you use on a Cisco router?
Administrative distance for external EIGRP route is _______.
Administrative distance for external EIGRP route is _______.
EIGRP uses the ____________ algorithm for finding shortest path.
EIGRP uses the ____________ algorithm for finding shortest path.
In EIGRP best path is known as the successor, whereas backup path is known as __________.
In EIGRP best path is known as the successor, whereas backup path is known as __________.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) provides __________ to the client.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) provides __________ to the client.
DHCP is used for ________.
DHCP is used for ________.
The DHCP server ________.
The DHCP server ________.
IP assigned for a client by DHCP server is ______.
IP assigned for a client by DHCP server is ______.
DHCP uses UDP port _________ for sending data to the server.
DHCP uses UDP port _________ for sending data to the server.
The DHCP server can provide the _______ of the IP addresses.
The DHCP server can provide the _______ of the IP addresses.
DHCP client and servers on the same subnet communicate via ________.
DHCP client and servers on the same subnet communicate via ________.
After obtaining the IP address, to prevent the IP conflict the client may use ________.
After obtaining the IP address, to prevent the IP conflict the client may use ________.
What is DHCP snooping?
What is DHCP snooping?
If DHCP snooping is configured on a LAN switch, then clients having specific ______ can access the network.
If DHCP snooping is configured on a LAN switch, then clients having specific ______ can access the network.
Based on the information given, what is the minimum number of computers that you’ll need to create a network?
Based on the information given, what is the minimum number of computers that you’ll need to create a network?
To access the intranet with an FTP site, which protocol needs to be installed on your computer?
To access the intranet with an FTP site, which protocol needs to be installed on your computer?
What type of network model is being used in an organization where you have sole responsibility of managing resources across a secure server room?
What type of network model is being used in an organization where you have sole responsibility of managing resources across a secure server room?
Given multiple networked resources across different floors, what type of network model is being utilized?
Given multiple networked resources across different floors, what type of network model is being utilized?
What type of network model is reflected if users can perform limited administration on clustered servers?
What type of network model is reflected if users can perform limited administration on clustered servers?
What is the fastest type of connection recommended to connect two networks in different cities?
What is the fastest type of connection recommended to connect two networks in different cities?
What types of networks are being used in an environment where sales appointments are synced with the PDAs when staff enters the main reception?
What types of networks are being used in an environment where sales appointments are synced with the PDAs when staff enters the main reception?
Which topology is being used if all computers are connected together using a single cable?
Which topology is being used if all computers are connected together using a single cable?
Looking at a scenario where computers in different buildings are interconnected, which topology is being used?
Looking at a scenario where computers in different buildings are interconnected, which topology is being used?
If a new file server is introduced with 110 m of cable resulting in corrupt data issues, what likely caused the problem?
If a new file server is introduced with 110 m of cable resulting in corrupt data issues, what likely caused the problem?
In examining a network where electromagnetic interference is present, what is the most probable cause?
In examining a network where electromagnetic interference is present, what is the most probable cause?
What is the most susceptible type of transmission to errors caused by crosstalk?
What is the most susceptible type of transmission to errors caused by crosstalk?
Study Notes
IETF Standards and Protocols
- IETF standards documents are known as RFC (Request For Comments).
- Each layer in data packet hierarchy adds its own header as the packet moves downwards.
Data Structure and Communication
- The structure or format of data is termed syntax.
- Communication between devices can be simplex, where data flows in one direction.
Network History and Basics
- The first network to use TCP/IP protocol was ARPANET, established in 1969.
- A medium is defined as the physical path for data transmission, which can be wired or wireless.
Network Organizations
- The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates interstate and international communications.
- Network edge devices include PCs, smartphones, and servers, whereas switches are not categorized as edge devices.
Networking Concepts
- A set of rules governing data communication is called protocols, critical for proper network functionality.
- Multipoint connections occur when three or more devices share a link.
- A distributed system presents a collection of interconnected computers as a single coherent system.
Network Nodes and Overlays
- In networks, nodes include devices capable of sending, receiving, or routing data.
- An overlay network operates on top of another network, examples include VPNs and Peer-to-Peer networks.
Communication Methods and Models
- In a broadcast network, the communication channel is shared by all machines.
- Bluetooth technology exemplifies a personal area network.
Router and Transmission Methods
- Routers forward packets between networks based on routing information.
- Network congestion arises from traffic overload, necessitating congestion control techniques.
Internet Access and DSL
- Virtual private networks (VPNs) extend private networks across public networks, enhancing security and anonymity.
- DSL services combine wired phone access and internet service provision.
Signal Conversion and Cable Types
- DSLAM converts analog signals to digital signals.
- Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) networks utilize both fiber and coaxial cables.
TCP/IP and OSI Models
- The Internet protocol stack, known as TCP/IP, comprises five layers: Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.
- The OSI reference model consists of seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.
Layer Functions and Implementations
- The presentation layer handles data compression, encryption, and translation between machine and human-readable formats.
- In OSI, as data moves from lower to upper layers, headers are removed, while the reverse adds headers.
Characteristics and Purpose of OSI
- OSI stands for Open System Interconnection, providing a structured approach for network communication.
- Each layer in OSI uses protocols tailored for its functionality, ensuring systematic communication.
Summary of Model Differences
- The OSI model includes presentation and session layers, which are not separately defined in the TCP/IP model.
- Each implementation layer operates in the respective end systems, emphasizing the importance of processing and communication efficiency.
Further Insights
- Factors influencing DSL transmission rates include the gauge of the twisted-pair line and electrical interference.
- The ONT connects to a splitter via optical cable, which is critical for converting light signals into usable electric signals for networking devices.### OSI and TCP/IP Models
- The OSI reference model includes a session layer not present in the TCP/IP model.
- Functions of the presentation and session layers in OSI are managed by the transport layer in TCP/IP.
Transport Layer
- Acts as a link between network support layers (physical, data link, network) and user support layers (session, presentation, application).
- Responsible for process-to-process delivery using protocols like TCP and UDP.
- Segments data and uses port numbers to identify processes on a host.
Addressing in TCP/IP
- Various addresses used include physical (MAC), logical, port, and specific addresses.
- TCP/IP addresses focus on internet implementation; all addressing schemes apply to both TCP/IP and OSI models.
Development Timeline
- TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model, with prototypes emerging from 1978-1983, while OSI was introduced in 1984.
Physical Layer Functions
- Deals with bit-by-bit delivery, encompassing transmission standards involving cables and connections.
- Determines transmission data rate; optical fiber cables provide the highest speed (~1000Mb/s).
Wireless Transmission
- Possible through radio waves, microwaves, and infrared.
- Each medium has distinct properties regarding wall penetration and usage in communications.
Data Link Layer Processes
- Receives packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames for transmission.
- Handles framing, error control, and flow control; channel coding is a physical layer function.
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
- Managed by the logical link control sublayer for error handling in data communication.
Socket and APIs
- A socket serves as the endpoint in network communication.
- Winsock is the socket-style API for Windows, governing internet application requests.
Transport Layer Protocols
- Major protocols: TCP (connection-oriented) and UDP (connectionless).
- TCP ensures reliable delivery with a three-way handshake while UDP prioritizes speed over reliability.
Network Layer Responsibilities
- Manages packets of data, ensuring appropriate encapsulation and transmission from higher layers down to the physical layer.
Multiplexing and Error Management
- Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a single channel.
- Techniques like piggybacking enhance efficiency by combining acknowledgments with data frames.
Concepts of Data Integrity
- Burst errors occur when multiple bits in a data unit change during transmission.
- Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) helps detect these errors in transmitted data but not correct them.
Conclusion
- Different layers of network models serve distinct roles in ensuring data is efficiently transmitted and received while maintaining integrity and communication reliability.### Routing and Layer Functions
- In the OSI model, the network layer (third layer) provides data routing paths for network communications.
- Error control is managed at the data link layer and transport layer.
IP Address Structure
- A 4-byte (32 bits) IP address comprises both a network address and a host address, depending on the address class.
Virtual Circuit Networks
- In virtual circuit networks, each packet contains a short VC number (Virtual Circuit Identifier), facilitating data transfer across a larger packet-switched network.
Routing Algorithms
- Routing algorithms like shortest path, distance vector, and link state routing all can be utilized for network layer design.
Multi-Destination Routing
- Multi-destination routing involves multiple receivers, with routes identified by the routing algorithm; it often overlaps with broadcast routing.
Spanning Tree Protocol
- A spanning tree is a subset of a network that includes all routers but contains no loops, used to maintain efficient network topology.
Congestion Control
- Congestion control techniques include traffic-aware routing, admission control, and load shedding; routing information protocol does not contribute to congestion control.
Network Layer Protocols
- The primary network layer protocol for the internet is the Internet Protocol (IP).
ICMP Functionality
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is primarily used for error and diagnostic functions in networking.
Application Layer Protocols
- Protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and FTP operate at the application layer; however, TCP belongs to the transport layer.
Data Packet Structure
- In the application layer, the packet of information is referred to as a "Message"; different layers have different data formats such as segments and frames.
Service Architectures
- Application services can be structured as client-server or peer-to-peer models.
Application Layer Services
- The application layer offers end-to-end services, including file transfer, mail services, and network virtual terminal services.
Domain Name System (DNS)
- A hostname can be a maximum of 255 characters, and the DNS database contains hostname-to-address records and name server records.
- Dynamic DNS allows clients to update their DNS entries automatically as their IPs change.
Routers and DNS Resolution
- When a server is uncertain of a hostname's address, it queries the root server for resolution.
Wildcard Domain Names
- Wildcard domain names start with an asterisk (*) and match requests to non-existent domain names.
Internet Standards and Governance
- Domain name registration is overseen by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).
Document Object Model (DOM)
- The DOM is a hierarchical representation of HTML or XML documents, allowing interaction with various document objects.
Data Transmission Dynamics
- The TTL (Time to Live) field in a packet indicates how many routers (or hops) can process the datagram before it is discarded.
Fragmentation Rule
- Fragmentation can complicate router operations and is vulnerable to certain types of attacks, such as DoS attacks.
IP Protocol Characteristics
- The IP protocol is inherently connectionless, offers unreliable service, and does not provide error reporting.
Web Cookies
- Web cookies are small data pieces sent from a website and stored in the user's browser, enhancing the browsing experience.
Dynamic Web Pages
- Dynamic web pages generate content based on user interaction or events and utilize technologies such as JavaScript and server-side scripts.
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
- CGI is used to execute console-based files on a web server, generating dynamic content in response to HTTP requests.
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Description
This quiz covers IETF standards, data structure, and the history of networking. Test your knowledge on TCP/IP protocols and communication methods used in networks. Whether you're familiar with RFCs or the basic principles of networking, this quiz will assess your understanding.
