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What approach focuses on the statistical deviation of behavior to identify abnormality?
What are the two criteria in Wakefield's alternative approach for defining harmful dysfunction?
Which of the following is a limitation of the DSM-5 regarding its definition of abnormality?
What is the primary purpose of diagnostic criteria in diagnosing childhood mental health issues?
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Categorical classification of mental disorders can be best described as which of the following?
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Prototypical classification in diagnosing mental health issues relies on what concept?
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Which of the following factors is considered when determining emotional distress in children?
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Which approach emphasizes the degree of impairment when defining abnormality?
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What is the primary advantage of diagnosing mental health problems in children?
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What is a potential drawback of the dimensional classification approach for diagnosing disorders?
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Which aspect of diagnosing children can facilitate scientific discovery?
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What is one way that diagnosing children can be beneficial for caregivers?
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What is a criticism of the use of DSM-5 and RDoC in diagnosing mental disorders?
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How does the DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom measure support the diagnosis of disorders?
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What is one of the significant concerns regarding the classification of psychological disorders in children?
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Which of the following reflects a limitation of the diagnosing process regarding the focus on individuals?
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How does race influence the understanding of mental health in children?
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Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as influencing the prevalence of childhood disorders?
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What is indicated about the overall prevalence of mental disorders in children?
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In early childhood, which gender is noted to have a higher occurrence of disorders?
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What does comorbidity in childhood disorders refer to?
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Which statement is true regarding socioeconomic status and childhood disorders?
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What can be said about the perception of interpersonal stressors in children?
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Which method is suggested to remain underutilized in addressing childhood disorders?
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Which professionals are commonly involved in helping children and families?
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What is the purpose of the APA ethics code?
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Why is competence important in ethical treatment?
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What is a critical component of obtaining consent when working with children?
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What is the primary purpose of maintaining confidentiality in therapy?
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What can be a potential conflict of interest in therapy settings?
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Which aspect is considered essential for ethical treatment involving children?
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What are the limits of confidentiality in therapy?
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What factor can lead to differences in the prevalence of childhood disorders across ethnicities?
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What percentage of children with mental health problems typically receive treatment?
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Which factor does NOT influence the use of psychotropic medication in children?
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What barrier might affect a child's access to mental health treatment?
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Which components are crucial for evidence-based practice in mental health treatment?
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Which professional is NOT typically involved in helping children with mental health issues?
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What is a common impediment to children's mental health treatment?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in the likelihood of identifying childhood disorders?
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Study Notes
Identifying Abnormal Behavior in Children
- Statistical deviation approach: Defines abnormality based on how uncommon a behavior is.
- Degree of impairment: Considers how much a behavior impacts a child's functioning.
- Degree of emotional distress: Assesses the level of unhappiness, anxiety, or fear experienced by the child
- Wakefield's harmful dysfunction approach: Uses two criteria: a) a biological or mental process is not functioning properly and b) the malfunctioning process is causing harm.
The DSM-5: Defining Abnormality in Children
- Widely used manual for diagnosing mental health disorders in the US.
- It incorporates the harmful dysfunction approach for defining abnormality.
- Limitations include:
- Medical approach to mental health issues.
- Underlying causes often unknown.
- Many childhood disorders are relational and influenced by social-cultural surroundings.
Diagnosing Mental Health Problems in Children
- The presence of specific signs and symptoms.
- Diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode:
- Depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in weight/sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death.
- Categorical classification: Dividing mental disorders into distinct categories. Oldest approach but suffers from rigid boundaries.
- Prototypical classification: Based on an ideal picture of a disorder. Offers more flexibility and acknowledges individual variation.
- Dimensional classification: Places disorders on a continuum of severity. DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom measure offers a dimensional approach by measuring severity of symptoms across different domains.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Children
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Possible benefits:
- Parsimony: Simplifies complex issues.
- Aids in professional communication.
- Can aid in prediction of future behavior.
- Can help to plan treatment.
- Helps individuals obtain social or educational services.
- Helpful to caregivers.
- Facilitates scientific discovery.
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Potential drawbacks:
- Parsimony at the expense of detailed information.
- Inadequate reflection of environmental context.
- Focus on individuals, ignoring the influence of relationships.
- Arbitrary distinction between normal and abnormal.
- Unclear boundaries between diagnostic categories.
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
- Emphasizes biological, genetic, and neurological causes of disorders.
- Criticized for providing only definitions and lacking concrete methods for measurement.
- Different approach than DSM-5.
Socio-Cultural Factors and Understanding Mental Health
- Culture, race, and ethnicity influence mental health:
- Values: Belief systems that shape understanding of behavior and well-being.
- Knowledge: Accumulated information within a cultural group.
- Practices: Accepted norms and beliefs within a culture.
- Race: Culturally constructed category, not biologically defined.
- Ethnicity: Used to define groups based on shared cultural characteristics or heritage.
- Abnormal symptoms can vary based on cultural norms.
Prevalence of Childhood Disorders
- Prevalence: Number of cases within a given population.
- Incidence: Number of NEW cases within a given period.
- Challenges in determining prevalence:
- Difficulty accessing accurate information.
- Lack of consistent diagnosis criteria.
- Changing definitions of disorders.
- Overall prevalence of childhood disorders is on the rise.
Comorbidity and Costs of Childhood Disorders
- Comorbidity: The tendency of disorders to occur together.
- Negative impact on:
- Children's well-being.
- Families' functioning.
- Prevention remains an underutilized approach.
Factors Influencing Prevalence of Childhood Disorders
- Age: Prevalence varies by age.
- Some disorders are more common in younger children, while others peak during adolescence.
- Gender:
- Early childhood: disorders are more prevalent in boys.
- Adolescence: girls experience more disorders.
- Perception of interpersonal stressors can influence mood and contribute to differences.
- Socioeconomic status: Reflects a child's environment and influences risk for psychological disorders.
- Lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher risk.
- Family composition (e.g., single-parent, adoptive) is a related predictor.
- Race and Ethnicity:
- Complex relationship with childhood disorders.
- Differences in socioeconomic status across ethnicities.
- Likelihood of identification and treatment can vary depending on race and ethnicity.
- Cultural values can influence interpretations of mental health issues.
Access to Treatment for Childhood Mental Health Problems
- Access to treatment:
- Only half of children with mental health problems receive treatment.
- Sources include: psychologists, pediatricians, nurses, and specialized mental health services.
- Unequal access to high-quality care based on socioeconomic factors.
- Treatment:
- Often provided by non-specialists.
Medication Use and Barriers to Treatment
- Increased use of psychotropic medication:
- Varies by age and gender.
- When compared to psychotherapy, medication use is increasing.
- Factors driving the increase include:
- Growing awareness of mental health issues.
- Increased accessibility.
- Marketing efforts.
- Barriers to treatment:
- Economic factors limit access.
- Social-cultural factors decrease willingness.
- Lack of experts in child mental health.
- Stigma surrounding mental illness.
Evidence-Based Practice
- Definition: Using research findings and clinical expertise to make decisions about treatment.
- Three factors:
- Scientific research: Provides a foundation for evidence-based choices.
- Clinician expertise: Provides experience and judgment when using the research.
- Patient characteristics: Takes into account individual needs, strengths, and preferences.
Professionals Who Help Children and Families
- Psychologists: Perform psychological assessments and provide therapy.
- Psychiatrists: Diagnose and treat mental disorders with medications.
- Pediatricians and Nurses: Provide primary care and can identify mental health concerns.
- Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs): Provide counseling for a wide range of mental health issues.
- Marriage and Family Therapists: Specialize in helping families and couples address relationship issues.
- Social workers: Help individuals and families navigate social and emotional challenges.
- Speech-language pathologists: Evaluate and treat communication impairments.
- Occupational therapists: Help children develop skills for everyday activities.
- Special education teachers: Support children with disabilities.
- School counselors: Provide guidance and support to students.
- Child life experts: Help children cope with medical procedures and hospital stays.
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Description
This quiz explores various approaches to identify abnormal behavior in children, including statistical deviation and Wakefield's harmful dysfunction criteria. It covers the DSM-5 diagnostic manual and highlights its limitations in understanding childhood mental health. Test your knowledge on how these concepts apply to diagnosing mental health problems in children.
