Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Children
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for a developmental pathway where similar early experiences lead to different outcomes?

  • Competence
  • Equifinality
  • Developmental Pathway
  • Multifinality (correct)
  • What are the variables that precede negative outcomes of interest and increase their probability called?

  • Protective factors
  • Resilience factors
  • Developmental pathways
  • Risk factors (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for negative outcomes in children?

  • Strong self-confidence (correct)
  • Chronic poverty
  • Community violence
  • Parental divorce
  • What are personal or situational variables that reduce the chances of developing a disorder called?

    <p>Resilience factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to successfully adapt in the environment, which varies across culture and ethnicity, called?

    <p>Competence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why many children don't receive mental health services?

    <p>Lack of understanding about mental disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is MORE likely to experience mental health problems?

    <p>Children with a history of parental criminal activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected demand for children's mental health services in the next decade?

    <p>Expected to double (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'psychological disorder' generally refer to?

    <p>Patterns of behaviors, thoughts, emotions, or physical symptoms associated with distress and/or disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the nature of 'competence'?

    <p>Competence is influenced by various factors including culture, ethnicity, and individual experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of psychological disorders in children and adolescents?

    <p>A consistent pattern of behaviors causing distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the risk associated with psychological disorders?

    <p>They can increase the likelihood of further suffering or harm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is least accurate regarding psychological disorders?

    <p>They always present with overt physical symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is commonly associated with psychological disorders in children?

    <p>Patterns of behavior that include distress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To what extent can psychological disorders affect an individual’s life?

    <p>They can disrupt daily functioning and development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of emotions in healthy adaptation according to the provided content?

    <p>They are internal monitoring systems that help appraise events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the conclusions of behavioral geneticists regarding genetic contributions to psychological disorders?

    <p>Many genes contribute small effects to psychological disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotion regulation involve according to the content?

    <p>Enhancing or inhibiting emotional arousal for a specific purpose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes emotion reactivity?

    <p>It includes individual differences in the intensity of emotional experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption does behavioral explanation make about a child's behavior?

    <p>Behavior is a result of external stimuli rather than internal traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief did John Locke promote regarding child-rearing?

    <p>Children should be raised with thought and care. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the early biological explanations of mental disorders?

    <p>They viewed disorders as progressive and irreversible diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment model aimed to prevent the transmission of mental diseases through sterilization?

    <p>Custodial model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in the treatment of children with mental disorders after the mid-1940s due to Rene Spitz's research?

    <p>Decrease in institutionalization and rise in foster placements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what decade did behavior therapy emerge as a systematic treatment for children's disorders?

    <p>1950s and 1960s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) mandate for children with special needs?

    <p>Free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)?

    <p>A tailored plan for each child based on their individual needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did behaviorism play in the understanding of children's fears?

    <p>It laid the foundation for studying conditioning to eliminate fears. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main criticisms of DSM-5?

    <p>It lacks emphasis on the underlying etiology of disorders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative effect of diagnostic labels?

    <p>They may lead to negative perceptions by others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interventions aim to achieve in the context of child psychology?

    <p>Treatment of current problems and prevention of future problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which approach is child psychopathology viewed as being determined by underlying conflicts?

    <p>Psychodynamic approaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cultural considerations in treatment emphasize?

    <p>Cultural beliefs influence how parents perceive and address child problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cognitive approaches focus on in addressing abnormal child behavior?

    <p>Changing faulty thought patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of treatment in child psychology?

    <p>Increased societal stigma around mental health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of behavioral approaches to treatment?

    <p>They emphasize learning through consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clinicians consider in ethical and legal aspects of treatment?

    <p>The impact of their actions on children and families. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect do cognitive-behavioral approaches consider to be a contributing factor to psychological disturbances?

    <p>Faulty thought patterns and learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children are estimated to experience significant difficulties throughout their lives?

    <p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements can be considered a protective factor for children?

    <p>Access to mental health resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental pathway describes situations where similar early experiences lead to different outcomes?

    <p>Multifinality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for LGBT youth according to the content?

    <p>Victimization by peers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does resilience refer to in the context of children facing risks?

    <p>The ability to maintain healthy functioning despite risks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do externalizing problems primarily manifest in children?

    <p>ADHD and conduct disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is particularly crucial for determining healthy versus problematic adjustment?

    <p>Early to mid-adolescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the developmental psychopathology perspective?

    <p>Role of interrelated events in development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do internalizing problems in children most commonly involve?

    <p>Depression and anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of childhood disorders are typically examined through biological perspectives?

    <p>Genetic influences and brain development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Historical Views on Children

    Children were often ignored or harshly treated due to misconceptions.

    John Locke's Influence

    John Locke believed children should be raised with care and thought.

    Organic Disease Model

    This model emphasized moral guidance for children rather than moral insanity views.

    Custodial Model

    Used in early 20th century to prevent mental disease transmission via sterilization and institutions.

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    Emergence of Psychoanalytic Theory

    Linked mental disorders to early childhood experiences, changing treatment views.

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    Rene Spitz's Research

    Showed harmful effects of institutional life on child development in the 1940s.

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    IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Act)

    Mandates free, appropriate education for K-12 children with special needs.

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    Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)

    A tailored plan for each child with needs, reassessed regularly.

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    Psychological disorder

    A pattern of symptoms causing distress or disability.

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    Symptoms

    Signs that indicate a psychological disorder.

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    Distress

    Emotional suffering or pain experienced by an individual.

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    Disability

    Impairment that limits normal function.

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    Risk of harm

    The potential for an individual to suffer further.

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    Labels in Psychology

    Describes behaviors, not the individuals.

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    Competence

    Ability to adapt successfully in various environments.

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    Developmental Pathways

    Sequence and timing of behaviors over time.

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    Multifinality

    Same early experiences lead to different outcomes.

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    Equifinality

    Different early experiences lead to the same outcome.

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    Risk Factors

    Variables that increase the probability of negative outcomes.

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    Protective Factors

    Variables that reduce chances of developing disorders.

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    Resilience

    Ability to recover from misfortune, varies by context.

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    Mental Health Service Access

    Barriers to receiving mental health care among children.

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    Externalizing problems

    Behavior disorders like ADHD and conduct disorders, more common in boys.

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    Internalizing problems

    Mental health issues like depression and anxiety, more common in girls.

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    Developmental psychopathology perspective

    Framework studying childhood disorders through the lens of development processes.

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    Etiology of childhood disorders

    How different variables interact to produce specific outcomes in children.

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    Criticisms of DSM-5

    Concerns regarding its inability to capture complex influences on mental health and focus on observable symptoms.

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    ICD-11

    A global system classifying all diseases, including mental disorders, used internationally.

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    Pros of Diagnostic Labels

    Benefits include summarizing observations, aiding communication, and facilitating research.

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    Cons of Diagnostic Labels

    Drawbacks include negative perceptions and potential for self-stigmatization in children.

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    Interventions

    Problem-solving strategies that treat current issues and prevent future problems.

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    Cultural Considerations

    Acknowledgment that parenting and mental health views vary across ethnic groups.

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    Treatment Goals

    Outcomes aimed at benefiting the child, family, and society.

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    Ethical and Legal Considerations

    Awareness of the impact of actions on children, parents, and relationships.

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    Psychodynamic Approaches

    Treatment focusing on underlying unconscious and conscious conflicts affecting behavior.

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    Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches

    Therapy that combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to address faulty thought patterns and behaviors.

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    Genetic Contribution

    Genetic factors involved in psychological disorders are numerous, with each gene making a small impact.

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    Emotion Reactivity

    Variations in how intensely and quickly individuals experience emotions, signaling their distress levels.

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    Emotion Regulation

    The process of managing one’s emotional state to achieve specific goals or outcomes.

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    Temperament Dimensions

    Three key traits influencing risk for abnormal development: positive affect, inhibited fearfulness, and irritability.

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    Behavioral Approach

    The theory that children's behaviors are learned responses to their environment rather than stable traits.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents

    • Psychological disorder- a pattern of symptoms associated with distress, disability, or increased risk of suffering.
    • Historically, children often received harsh treatment due to beliefs about possession or being the property of their parents.
    • John Locke (17th century) advocated for raising children with care.
    • Early biological explanations viewed mental disorders as diseases, resistant to treatment.
    • The custodial model (early 20th century) involved sterilization and institutionalization.
    • Early psychological attributions emerged in the early 1900s, linking mental disorders to childhood experiences (psychoanalytic theory) and conditioning (behaviorism).
    • Institutionalization was common until the 1940s.
    • Spitz's research (mid-1940s) revealed the harm of institutionalization on children's development.
    • Institutionalization declined, replaced by foster care and group homes in the following decades
    • Behavior therapy (1950s-1960s) emerged as a systematic approach.
    • Legislation like the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandated appropriate education for children with special needs.
    • Culturally appropriate tests and individualized education plans (IEPs) are now standard.

    What is Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents?

    • Psychological disorders are patterns of behavior, emotion, or physical symptoms causing distress and/or disability.
    • Competence describes the ability to successfully adapt within the environment, varying across cultures.
    • Developmental pathways illustrate the sequence and timing of behaviors, noting relationships between behaviors over time (multifinality and equifinality). Several factors contribute to the development of disordered outcomes in children.
    • Risk factors increase the probability of negative outcomes (e.g., community violence, parental divorce, poverty).
    • Protective factors reduce the likelihood of disorder (e.g., strong self-confidence, coping skills).
    • Resilience is not a fixed attribute, varies with stress, context, and individual factors.

    Mental Health Issues in Children and Adolescents

    • Limited access to services and lack of understanding of mental disorders are reasons why many children don't receive mental health services.
    • There's an expected increase in demand for these services in the near future but not enough professionals.
    • Children from disadvantaged backgrounds face a higher risk.
    • Poverty affects children's learning, behavior, health, and emotional development.

    What Affects Rates and Expression of Mental Disorders?

    • Factors such as poverty, ethnicity, and socioeconomic disadvantage significantly impact mental health rates.
    • Poverty is linked to increased rates of learning impairments, problems in school, aggression, chronic illness, and emotional disorders.

    Child Maltreatment and Non-Accidental Trauma

    • Over one million cases of child maltreatment are reported annually in the US.
    • Child maltreatment significantly affects children's social, academic, and behavioral adjustment.
    • Sexual and gender minority youths face disproportionately high rates of maltreatment.

    Lifespan Implications, Key Terms and Concepts

    • A substantial portion of children will experience significant challenges throughout their lives.
    • Early intervention and support can help children overcome major impediments to healthy development.

    Theories and Causes

    • An integrative approach considers many factors influencing childhood disorders (biological, psychological, and environmental).
    • Developmental psychopathology emphasizes the role of developmental processes, genetics, neuroanatomy, and maturation in influencing behavior.

    Treatment

    • Treatment involves diagnosis, prognosis, and planning, utilizing various interventions like pharmacological and behavioral approaches.
    • Effective treatments may consider the impact of culture and specific characteristics of families and communities.
    • Interventions can address current problems while preventing future issues.

    Clinical Issues

    • Clinical assessment aims to differentiate, define and measure behaviors, cognitions, and emotions, including environmental impact.
    • Developmental considerations regarding age, gender, and cultural factors are critical in clinical assessments and treatment.

    Assessing Disorders

    • Clinical interviews and standardized assessments help in gathering detailed information relevant to clinical problems and concerns.
    • Behavioral assessment focuses directly observing behavior in natural settings and examining antecedents, behaviors and consequences.

    Classification and Diagnosis

    • Classification system (DSM-5) provides categories for child psychopathology, which are important to understand the boundaries and relations.
    • Diagnosis assigns cases to these categories.

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    Description

    Explore the historical and psychological perspectives on normal and abnormal behavior in children and adolescents. This quiz covers key concepts from psychological disorders, the evolution of treatment approaches, and the impact of early experiences on mental health. Gain insights into how societal attitudes toward children's mental health have evolved over time.

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