Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term does the text prefer to use when referring to abnormal behaviour patterns?
What term does the text prefer to use when referring to abnormal behaviour patterns?
- Mental illness
- Emotional disturbance
- Psychological disorder (correct)
- Behavioral anomaly
What does the medical model perspective consider abnormal behaviour patterns to be?
What does the medical model perspective consider abnormal behaviour patterns to be?
- Reactions to external stimuli
- Result of social conditioning
- Consequences of genetic predisposition
- Symptoms of underlying mental illnesses (correct)
What does abnormal psychology primarily address?
What does abnormal psychology primarily address?
- Understanding of cognitive processes
- Study of normal behaviour patterns
- Description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns (correct)
- Analysis of social interactions
What does the text mention about the traditional distinction between mental and physical phenomena?
What does the text mention about the traditional distinction between mental and physical phenomena?
What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?
What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?
What percentage of Canadians experience a psychological disorder at some point in their lives?
What percentage of Canadians experience a psychological disorder at some point in their lives?
According to the Mental Health Commission of Canada, which age range had the highest prevalence of psychological disorders?
According to the Mental Health Commission of Canada, which age range had the highest prevalence of psychological disorders?
What document did the Mental Health Commission of Canada release in 2015?
What document did the Mental Health Commission of Canada release in 2015?
What percentage of Canadian adults were diagnosed with anxiety or depressive disorders in 2011/2012?
What percentage of Canadian adults were diagnosed with anxiety or depressive disorders in 2011/2012?
Why might abnormal behavior be considered to affect virtually everyone, according to the text?
Why might abnormal behavior be considered to affect virtually everyone, according to the text?
When may emotional states such as anxiety and depression be considered abnormal?
When may emotional states such as anxiety and depression be considered abnormal?
What is a sign that anxiety during a job interview may be abnormal?
What is a sign that anxiety during a job interview may be abnormal?
When is it normal to feel depressed, according to the text?
When is it normal to feel depressed, according to the text?
What may suggest abnormal behavior according to the text?
What may suggest abnormal behavior according to the text?
When is it not normal to feel anxious, as per the text?
When is it not normal to feel anxious, as per the text?
What is one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine abnormal behavior?
What is one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine abnormal behavior?
In which culture are hallucinations not deemed unusual?
In which culture are hallucinations not deemed unusual?
What behavior is considered abnormal in our culture?
What behavior is considered abnormal in our culture?
What is an example of behavior that is considered socially unacceptable or violates social norms?
What is an example of behavior that is considered socially unacceptable or violates social norms?
Why is uncommon behavior not necessarily abnormal?
Why is uncommon behavior not necessarily abnormal?
What is considered abnormal when excessive or inappropriate to the situation?
What is considered abnormal when excessive or inappropriate to the situation?
When is behavior considered abnormal according to the text?
When is behavior considered abnormal according to the text?
What may be regarded as abnormal behavior?
What may be regarded as abnormal behavior?
What role does social context play in determining abnormal behavior?
What role does social context play in determining abnormal behavior?
What impact do historical and cultural shifts have on the perception of abnormal behavior?
What impact do historical and cultural shifts have on the perception of abnormal behavior?
What may be considered normal in Australian Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander culture but deemed delusional in Western culture?
What may be considered normal in Australian Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander culture but deemed delusional in Western culture?
What is a common feature of schizophrenia that may be culturally interpreted differently?
What is a common feature of schizophrenia that may be culturally interpreted differently?
What do Cambodians fear during an anxiety attack, which differs from Westerners' catastrophic cognitions?
What do Cambodians fear during an anxiety attack, which differs from Westerners' catastrophic cognitions?
What may be considered abnormal in one culture but normal in another?
What may be considered abnormal in one culture but normal in another?
What should the standards for judging abnormal behavior take into account?
What should the standards for judging abnormal behavior take into account?
In which culture do people generally place greater emphasis on the physical symptoms of depression, such as headaches and fatigue?
In which culture do people generally place greater emphasis on the physical symptoms of depression, such as headaches and fatigue?
In traditional cultures, what supernatural causes are often invoked to explain abnormal behavior?
In traditional cultures, what supernatural causes are often invoked to explain abnormal behavior?
In which societies are psychological problems often attributed to the influence of 'spirits' or the possession of a 'weak soul'?
In which societies are psychological problems often attributed to the influence of 'spirits' or the possession of a 'weak soul'?
Where has the abnormal behavior pattern associated with the concept of schizophrenia been observed?
Where has the abnormal behavior pattern associated with the concept of schizophrenia been observed?
What does the text emphasize about the words used to describe psychological disorders in different cultures?
What does the text emphasize about the words used to describe psychological disorders in different cultures?
What does the text emphasize about the continuum between normal and abnormal behavior?
What does the text emphasize about the continuum between normal and abnormal behavior?
How does the text describe the threshold between normal and abnormal behavior?
How does the text describe the threshold between normal and abnormal behavior?
What approach to diagnosis is highlighted in the text?
What approach to diagnosis is highlighted in the text?
What does the text suggest about the range of symptoms experienced by individuals?
What does the text suggest about the range of symptoms experienced by individuals?
What does the text recommend to emphasize the dimensional aspect of mental disorders?
What does the text recommend to emphasize the dimensional aspect of mental disorders?
What are the criteria used by psychologists to consider behavior abnormal?
What are the criteria used by psychologists to consider behavior abnormal?
How are cultural beliefs and norms related to the classification of abnormal behavior?
How are cultural beliefs and norms related to the classification of abnormal behavior?
What have philosophers, physicians, natural scientists, and psychologists used to explain abnormal behavior?
What have philosophers, physicians, natural scientists, and psychologists used to explain abnormal behavior?
In what way do cultural beliefs and norms impact the understanding of abnormal behavior?
In what way do cultural beliefs and norms impact the understanding of abnormal behavior?
What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?
What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?
What has historically shaped concepts of abnormal behavior in Western culture?
What has historically shaped concepts of abnormal behavior in Western culture?
How has the predominant worldview regarding abnormal behavior shifted in modern times?
How has the predominant worldview regarding abnormal behavior shifted in modern times?
What are abnormal behaviors now viewed as in our culture?
What are abnormal behaviors now viewed as in our culture?
What were abnormal behaviors often taken as a sign of throughout much of history?
What were abnormal behaviors often taken as a sign of throughout much of history?
What is the demonological model of abnormal behavior based on?
What is the demonological model of abnormal behavior based on?
What is one interpretation of the egg-size cavities found in human skulls from the Stone Age?
What is one interpretation of the egg-size cavities found in human skulls from the Stone Age?
What did ancient Babylonians believe influenced the movements of stars and planets?
What did ancient Babylonians believe influenced the movements of stars and planets?
What does the demonological model explain abnormal behavior as a result of?
What does the demonological model explain abnormal behavior as a result of?
What was one possible purpose of trephination, as suggested in the text?
What was one possible purpose of trephination, as suggested in the text?
What does the demonological model attribute abnormal behavior to?
What does the demonological model attribute abnormal behavior to?
What did the ancient Babylonians believe influenced natural forces?
What did the ancient Babylonians believe influenced natural forces?
What is one interpretation of the purpose of trephining as suggested in the text?
What is one interpretation of the purpose of trephining as suggested in the text?
What did ancient peoples use to explain natural forces, according to the text?
What did ancient peoples use to explain natural forces, according to the text?
What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of abnormal behavior?
What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of abnormal behavior?
What did an overabundance of black bile, according to Hippocrates, cause?
What did an overabundance of black bile, according to Hippocrates, cause?
What did an excess of yellow bile, according to Hippocrates, make people?
What did an excess of yellow bile, according to Hippocrates, make people?
What is the significance of Hippocrates's theory of bodily humours?
What is the significance of Hippocrates's theory of bodily humours?
What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of illnesses of the body and mind?
What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of illnesses of the body and mind?
What did Hippocrates consider the health of the body and mind to depend on?
What did Hippocrates consider the health of the body and mind to depend on?
What did an imbalance of humours, according to Hippocrates, account for?
What did an imbalance of humours, according to Hippocrates, account for?
What did Hippocrates challenge with his theory of bodily humours?
What did Hippocrates challenge with his theory of bodily humours?
What did Hippocrates believe was the result of an overabundance of phlegm?
What did Hippocrates believe was the result of an overabundance of phlegm?
What was the treatment of choice for abnormal behavior during medieval times?
What was the treatment of choice for abnormal behavior during medieval times?
What did the doctrine of possession hold about abnormal behaviors during medieval times?
What did the doctrine of possession hold about abnormal behaviors during medieval times?
What was the belief that dominated medieval thought regarding abnormal behavior?
What was the belief that dominated medieval thought regarding abnormal behavior?
What was the unifying force in Western Europe during medieval times?
What was the unifying force in Western Europe during medieval times?
What was the late fifteenth through the late seventeenth centuries especially dangerous times for, according to the text?
What was the late fifteenth through the late seventeenth centuries especially dangerous times for, according to the text?
What was the purpose of the Malleus Maleficarum?
What was the purpose of the Malleus Maleficarum?
Why were many suspected witches persecuted during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
Why were many suspected witches persecuted during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
What was the primary cause of abnormal behavior according to the demonological model?
What was the primary cause of abnormal behavior according to the demonological model?
What was the standard operating procedure at many Ontario asylums in the nineteenth century?
What was the standard operating procedure at many Ontario asylums in the nineteenth century?
What did the Renaissance Belgian physician Johann Weyer argue about abnormal behavior?
What did the Renaissance Belgian physician Johann Weyer argue about abnormal behavior?
What was the first asylum in North America established to care for?
What was the first asylum in North America established to care for?
Who took responsibility for the treatment of patients at the Hôtel Dieu in Quebec City?
Who took responsibility for the treatment of patients at the Hôtel Dieu in Quebec City?
Where were people with psychological disorders outside Quebec commonly kept before the nineteenth century?
Where were people with psychological disorders outside Quebec commonly kept before the nineteenth century?
When did mental hospitals begin to appear in other parts of Canada?
When did mental hospitals begin to appear in other parts of Canada?
Who is often credited with freeing the inmates of La Bicêtre from their chains?
Who is often credited with freeing the inmates of La Bicêtre from their chains?
Who was placed in charge of a ward for people considered 'incurably insane' at La Bicêtre?
Who was placed in charge of a ward for people considered 'incurably insane' at La Bicêtre?
What did Philippe Pinel stop as part of his efforts in the treatment of the mentally ill?
What did Philippe Pinel stop as part of his efforts in the treatment of the mentally ill?
What was the belief behind the unchaining of inmates at La Bicêtre by Philippe Pinel?
What was the belief behind the unchaining of inmates at La Bicêtre by Philippe Pinel?
What was the primary view of deranged people at the time of Jean-Baptiste Pussin and Philippe Pinel's efforts?
What was the primary view of deranged people at the time of Jean-Baptiste Pussin and Philippe Pinel's efforts?
Who became the medical director for the incurables’ ward at La Bicêtre in 1793?
Who became the medical director for the incurables’ ward at La Bicêtre in 1793?
What was the philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts at La Bicêtre and elsewhere?
What was the philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts at La Bicêtre and elsewhere?
What was an important factor that spurred the exodus from psychiatric hospitals?
What was an important factor that spurred the exodus from psychiatric hospitals?
Who was the first in North America to publicly report on the therapeutic value of chlorpromazine?
Who was the first in North America to publicly report on the therapeutic value of chlorpromazine?
What did the widespread use of chlorpromazine as an antipsychotic drug permit?
What did the widespread use of chlorpromazine as an antipsychotic drug permit?
What was the goal of the deinstitutionalization policy in Canada during the 1960s and 1970s?
What was the goal of the deinstitutionalization policy in Canada during the 1960s and 1970s?
What was the outcome of the deinstitutionalization policy on the psychiatric hospital population across Canada?
What was the outcome of the deinstitutionalization policy on the psychiatric hospital population across Canada?
What was the initial trend in the 1960s and 1970s regarding stays for psychiatric patients in hospitals?
What was the initial trend in the 1960s and 1970s regarding stays for psychiatric patients in hospitals?
What are the six strategic directions outlined in the text?
What are the six strategic directions outlined in the text?
How many recommendations for action are included in the strategy?
How many recommendations for action are included in the strategy?
Under which strategic direction is the focus on reducing disparities in risk factors and access to mental health services?
Under which strategic direction is the focus on reducing disparities in risk factors and access to mental health services?
Where does the strategy emphasize the need to promote mental health and prevent mental illness?
Where does the strategy emphasize the need to promote mental health and prevent mental illness?
What was the focus of the report 'Out of the Shadows at Last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Services in Canada'?
What was the focus of the report 'Out of the Shadows at Last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Services in Canada'?
When was a comprehensive mental health-care policy established in Canada?
When was a comprehensive mental health-care policy established in Canada?
What did the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) aim to improve with the release of 'Changing Directions, Changing Lives' in May 2012?
What did the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) aim to improve with the release of 'Changing Directions, Changing Lives' in May 2012?
During which centuries did beliefs in possession or demonology persist?
During which centuries did beliefs in possession or demonology persist?
What were the emerging sciences that offered promise for explaining natural phenomena and human behavior?
What were the emerging sciences that offered promise for explaining natural phenomena and human behavior?
When did rapid developments in medical science occur?
When did rapid developments in medical science occur?
What models of abnormal behavior began to surface during the 18th and 19th centuries?
What models of abnormal behavior began to surface during the 18th and 19th centuries?
What did the natural sciences lead society to turn toward in explaining natural phenomena and human behavior?
What did the natural sciences lead society to turn toward in explaining natural phenomena and human behavior?
Who is credited with arguing that abnormal behavior was rooted in diseases of the brain?
Who is credited with arguing that abnormal behavior was rooted in diseases of the brain?
Which German physician likened mental disorders to physical diseases in an influential textbook on psychiatry?
Which German physician likened mental disorders to physical diseases in an influential textbook on psychiatry?
What did Kraepelin believe was caused by a biochemical imbalance according to the medical model?
What did Kraepelin believe was caused by a biochemical imbalance according to the medical model?
According to the medical model, what did Kraepelin believe was caused by an abnormality in body metabolism?
According to the medical model, what did Kraepelin believe was caused by an abnormality in body metabolism?
What did Wilhelm Griesinger and Emil Kraepelin pave the way for the development of, according to the text?
What did Wilhelm Griesinger and Emil Kraepelin pave the way for the development of, according to the text?
What did the medical model inspire regarding the treatment of abnormal behavior?
What did the medical model inspire regarding the treatment of abnormal behavior?
What is a major contribution of the medical model to the field of abnormal psychology?
What is a major contribution of the medical model to the field of abnormal psychology?
What did the medical model inspire regarding the terminology used in the field of abnormal psychology?
What did the medical model inspire regarding the terminology used in the field of abnormal psychology?
What did the medical model provide evidence for regarding a specific form of derangement?
What did the medical model provide evidence for regarding a specific form of derangement?
What was the initial optimism of scientists inspired by the medical model regarding abnormal behavior?
What was the initial optimism of scientists inspired by the medical model regarding abnormal behavior?
Who is credited with developing the psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior?
Who is credited with developing the psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior?
Which perspective on abnormal behavior was the first major psychological model?
Which perspective on abnormal behavior was the first major psychological model?
Who did Freud receive a strong impression from, leading to the possibility of powerful mental processes hidden from consciousness?
Who did Freud receive a strong impression from, leading to the possibility of powerful mental processes hidden from consciousness?
Which psychological perspective on abnormal behavior is based on the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind?
Which psychological perspective on abnormal behavior is based on the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind?
Which psychological perspective led to the development of particular forms of therapy to treat psychological disorders?
Which psychological perspective led to the development of particular forms of therapy to treat psychological disorders?
Who experimented with the use of hypnosis in treating hysteria in the nineteenth century?
Who experimented with the use of hypnosis in treating hysteria in the nineteenth century?
Who attended Charcot’s demonstrations and reasoned that hysterical symptoms must be psychological in origin?
Who attended Charcot’s demonstrations and reasoned that hysterical symptoms must be psychological in origin?
What did Jean-Martin Charcot and his associates demonstrate about hysterical symptoms?
What did Jean-Martin Charcot and his associates demonstrate about hysterical symptoms?
What did Sigmund Freud conclude about the psychological factors giving rise to hysteria?
What did Sigmund Freud conclude about the psychological factors giving rise to hysteria?
What was the condition called hysteria, as known in the nineteenth century, now referred to as?
What was the condition called hysteria, as known in the nineteenth century, now referred to as?
According to sociocultural theorists, what are the causes of abnormal behavior rooted in?
According to sociocultural theorists, what are the causes of abnormal behavior rooted in?
According to Thomas Szasz, how does he view mental illness?
According to Thomas Szasz, how does he view mental illness?
What does the label of 'mental illness' according to sociocultural theorists, make it difficult to do?
What does the label of 'mental illness' according to sociocultural theorists, make it difficult to do?
What did Canadian psychiatrist Gordon Warme claim about biological explanations of abnormal behavior?
What did Canadian psychiatrist Gordon Warme claim about biological explanations of abnormal behavior?
According to sociocultural theorists, how are mental patients affected by the label of 'mental illness'?
According to sociocultural theorists, how are mental patients affected by the label of 'mental illness'?
What percentage of homeless Canadians are estimated to have experienced a mental health problem in their lifetime?
What percentage of homeless Canadians are estimated to have experienced a mental health problem in their lifetime?
What was the focus of the housing-first approach implemented to help mentally ill and homeless individuals?
What was the focus of the housing-first approach implemented to help mentally ill and homeless individuals?
What did the At Home/Chez Soi project in five Canadian cities show an increase in for participants?
What did the At Home/Chez Soi project in five Canadian cities show an increase in for participants?
What did the 2018 homelessness count in 61 communities show?
What did the 2018 homelessness count in 61 communities show?
What was the purpose of the coordinated homelessness count in 2016?
What was the purpose of the coordinated homelessness count in 2016?
What term is used to refer to approaches emphasizing the role of biological factors in explaining abnormal behaviour?
What term is used to refer to approaches emphasizing the role of biological factors in explaining abnormal behaviour?
In recent years, what areas have seen rapid growth in knowledge regarding the biological underpinnings of abnormal behaviour?
In recent years, what areas have seen rapid growth in knowledge regarding the biological underpinnings of abnormal behaviour?
What is emphasized in the biological perspective to better understand abnormal behaviour patterns?
What is emphasized in the biological perspective to better understand abnormal behaviour patterns?
What has the medical model, inspired by physicians from Hippocrates through Kraepelin, represented in contemporary understanding of abnormal behaviour?
What has the medical model, inspired by physicians from Hippocrates through Kraepelin, represented in contemporary understanding of abnormal behaviour?
What is involved in many forms of abnormal behaviour, especially in terms of biological factors?
What is involved in many forms of abnormal behaviour, especially in terms of biological factors?
What is the primary role of the epigenome?
What is the primary role of the epigenome?
What is the function of genes?
What is the function of genes?
What is the impact of genetic errors?
What is the impact of genetic errors?
What is the significance of stem cell research in studying schizophrenia?
What is the significance of stem cell research in studying schizophrenia?
How has epigenetics impacted the understanding of human diseases and disorders?
How has epigenetics impacted the understanding of human diseases and disorders?
What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in neural transmission?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in neural transmission?
What is the primary role of the synapse in neural communication?
What is the primary role of the synapse in neural communication?
What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?
What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?
How are malfunctions in neurotransmitter systems linked to mental health problems?
How are malfunctions in neurotransmitter systems linked to mental health problems?
Which part of the nervous system is most active during processes that replenish energy reserves?
Which part of the nervous system is most active during processes that replenish energy reserves?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in processing visual stimuli?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in processing visual stimuli?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing sensations of touch, temperature, and pain?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing sensations of touch, temperature, and pain?
Which part of the brain regulates higher mental functions, such as thinking, problem solving, and use of language?
Which part of the brain regulates higher mental functions, such as thinking, problem solving, and use of language?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most involved in processes that mobilize the body’s resources during physical exertion or responses to stress?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most involved in processes that mobilize the body’s resources during physical exertion or responses to stress?
Which approach emphasized the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and was most closely identified with the work of Freud?
Which approach emphasized the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and was most closely identified with the work of Freud?
What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?
What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?
What did the emerging psychological models from the behaviourist, humanistic-existential, and cognitivist traditions emphasize?
What did the emerging psychological models from the behaviourist, humanistic-existential, and cognitivist traditions emphasize?
What did Canadian psychiatry become increasingly influenced by in recent years?
What did Canadian psychiatry become increasingly influenced by in recent years?
What are researchers investigating in terms of treatments for problems such as depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders?
What are researchers investigating in terms of treatments for problems such as depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders?
Study Notes
Defining Abnormal Behavior in Cultural Contexts
- Societies have norms that define acceptable behaviors in specific contexts
- Norms vary across cultures, leading to different perceptions of abnormal behavior
- Anxiety is considered abnormal when excessive or inappropriate to the situation
- Clinicians must consider cultural differences when determining normality
- Nonconformity to social norms can lead to branding as mentally disturbed
- Perception or interpretation of reality is considered faulty if it deviates from the norm
- States of personal distress caused by emotions may be considered abnormal
- Behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates from acceptable standards of conduct or social norms
- Maladaptive or self-defeating behavior can be regarded as abnormal
- Behavior that is dangerous to oneself or others may be considered abnormal
- Social context plays a crucial role in determining the abnormality of behavior
- Historical and cultural shifts impact the perception of abnormal behavior
Deinstitutionalization and Mental Health Care in Canada
- Deinstitutionalization in Canada led to a two-tier mental health-care system, with middle- and upper-class patients having easier access to care than less fortunate Canadians.
- Community mental health supports and services lagged far behind the rapid exodus of mental health patients from psychiatric hospitals.
- The closure of psychiatric institutions left mental patients relying on a fragmented system of community services and supports.
- The community programs and services intended to replace institutional care have been inadequate, leading to difficulty for patients to receive consistent care.
- A comprehensive mental health-care policy was lacking in Canada until the establishment of the Canadian Mental Health Commission in 2007.
- In 2006, senators Michael Kirby and Wilbert Keon conducted a comprehensive study on mental health, mental illness, and addiction in Canada, leading to the report "Out of the Shadows at Last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Services in Canada."
- The report focused on mental health promotion, prevention of mental illness, and the creation of a continuum of care for those with mental illness and addiction.
- Mental health promotion is a proactive, holistic, multilevel, synergistic process that fosters resilience and well-being, moving beyond the mere absence of mental illness and applying to all people.
- The Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) was established in 2007 to implement a national mental health-care strategy.
- The MHCC created the country’s first mental health strategy, "Changing Directions, Changing Lives," released in May 2012, aiming to improve the mental health and well-being of all people living in Canada.
- In 2009, the MHCC released "Toward Recovery and Well-Being: A Framework for a Mental Health Strategy for Canada," which outlined a vision and broad goals for transforming the mental health system.
- Canada is on the cusp of change in mental health promotion and prevention, with psychology's role likely to expand across all health-related areas.
Mental Health and Homelessness in Canada
- Szasz argues that treating people as mentally ill strips them of their dignity by denying them responsibility for their own behavior and choices.
- Closure of psychiatric hospitals and inadequate funding for community support services led to homeless individuals with psychological problems being left to fend for themselves.
- Up to 200,000 Canadians are homeless annually, with an estimated 67% having experienced a mental health problem in their lifetime.
- A housing-first approach was implemented to help mentally ill and homeless individuals, focusing on providing housing and professional services for mental health issues and reintegration into the community.
- The At Home/Chez Soi project in five Canadian cities showed increased housing stability and community involvement for participants, leading to a $600 million investment in a renewed Homelessness Partnering Strategy.
- A coordinated homelessness count in 2016 identified 4579 homeless individuals, with the majority staying in shelters and 57% being homeless for six or more months.
- The 2018 homelessness count in 61 communities showed a 14% increase in homelessness, with 65% in emergency shelters and 30% of respondents identifying as Indigenous.
- The counts help target groups in need and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing homelessness.
Genetics and Epigenetics in Human Diseases and Disorders
- The human genome consists of all genetic material encoded in the DNA located in the nucleus of cells, comprising around 2.8 billion base-pair compounds.
- The genome is made up of chromosomes, genes, and nucleosomes with epigenetic markers that regulate gene expression or silencing.
- Genes contain instructions for combining 20 standard amino acids to build over 35,000 proteins, crucial for bodily functions and structures.
- Genetic errors occur when the number or order of DNA base pairs is wrong, potentially leading to abnormal bodily structures and functions.
- Epigenetics research has revealed that the epigenome, a molecular structure overlaying the genome, plays a vital role in gene regulation through gene expression and silencing.
- The epigenome dictates which pattern of genes within a cell will be activated, causing differentiation into specialized cell types, such as muscle, skin, or brain cells.
- Epigenetics research is at the forefront of investigating the role in the origin and course of psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, and eating disorders.
- Epigenetics provides a significant reinterpretation of the interplay between genes and the environment, revolutionizing the theory and treatment of human diseases and disorders.
- Stem cell research has opened up new avenues for studying the development and treatment of conditions such as schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder.
- Stem cells, capable of differentiating into diverse specialized cell types, can now be artificially grown and transformed through cell culture.
- Researchers have successfully turned skin cells from a patient with schizophrenia into adult stem cells and then grew those stem cells into neurons, providing insight into the cellular level of schizophrenia.
- This approach has also been used to gain insight into sickle-cell anemia and heart arrhythmias, marking a new phase in understanding and treating genetically complex neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Test your knowledge of abnormal behavior and mental disorders with this quiz. Explore the prevalence and impact of abnormal behavior, and gain insights into the complexities of seeking help for mental health concerns.
