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By @esteejanssens

Abnormal Behavior and Mental Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term does the text prefer to use when referring to abnormal behaviour patterns?

Psychological disorder

What does the medical model perspective consider abnormal behaviour patterns to be?

Symptoms of underlying mental illnesses

What does abnormal psychology primarily address?

Description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns

What does the text mention about the traditional distinction between mental and physical phenomena?

<p>There is increasing awareness of the interrelationships between the body and the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>Defining abnormal behaviour and its treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadians experience a psychological disorder at some point in their lives?

<p>33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Mental Health Commission of Canada, which age range had the highest prevalence of psychological disorders?

<p>45-64 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What document did the Mental Health Commission of Canada release in 2015?

<p>Mental Health Indicators for Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadian adults were diagnosed with anxiety or depressive disorders in 2011/2012?

<p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might abnormal behavior be considered to affect virtually everyone, according to the text?

<p>Because abnormal behavior patterns affect psychological functioning and are classified as psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

When may emotional states such as anxiety and depression be considered abnormal?

<p>When they are not appropriate to the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign that anxiety during a job interview may be abnormal?

<p>Feeling your heart pounding relentlessly</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it normal to feel depressed, according to the text?

<p>When you have lost someone close to you</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may suggest abnormal behavior according to the text?

<p>The magnitude of the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it not normal to feel anxious, as per the text?

<p>Whenever entering a department store or boarding a crowded elevator</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine abnormal behavior?

<p>Unusual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which culture are hallucinations not deemed unusual?

<p>Non-Western cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is considered abnormal in our culture?

<p>Hearing things that are not really there</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of behavior that is considered socially unacceptable or violates social norms?

<p>Feeling panic in a crowded elevator</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is uncommon behavior not necessarily abnormal?

<p>Uncommon behavior is not in itself abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered abnormal when excessive or inappropriate to the situation?

<p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is behavior considered abnormal according to the text?

<p>When it deviates from acceptable standards of conduct or social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be regarded as abnormal behavior?

<p>Maladaptive or self-defeating behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does social context play in determining abnormal behavior?

<p>A crucial role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do historical and cultural shifts have on the perception of abnormal behavior?

<p>They impact the perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be considered normal in Australian Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander culture but deemed delusional in Western culture?

<p>Communicating with the spirits of ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of schizophrenia that may be culturally interpreted differently?

<p>Delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Cambodians fear during an anxiety attack, which differs from Westerners' catastrophic cognitions?

<p>Blockage of blood and wind 'tubes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be considered abnormal in one culture but normal in another?

<p>Behaviour patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the standards for judging abnormal behavior take into account?

<p>Cultural norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which culture do people generally place greater emphasis on the physical symptoms of depression, such as headaches and fatigue?

<p>Chinese culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

In traditional cultures, what supernatural causes are often invoked to explain abnormal behavior?

<p>Possession by demons or the devil</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which societies are psychological problems often attributed to the influence of 'spirits' or the possession of a 'weak soul'?

<p>Filipino and Nigerian societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where has the abnormal behavior pattern associated with the concept of schizophrenia been observed?

<p>Colombia, India, China, Denmark, Nigeria, and the former Soviet Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text emphasize about the words used to describe psychological disorders in different cultures?

<p>They have different meanings or no equivalent meaning at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text emphasize about the continuum between normal and abnormal behavior?

<p>It is on a dimensional continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the threshold between normal and abnormal behavior?

<p>It is not clear and precise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach to diagnosis is highlighted in the text?

<p>Categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the range of symptoms experienced by individuals?

<p>Some symptoms may not be considered abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text recommend to emphasize the dimensional aspect of mental disorders?

<p>Introducing a continuum chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria used by psychologists to consider behavior abnormal?

<p>Unusual, socially unacceptable, fraught with misperceptions, associated with severe distress, maladaptive, dangerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are cultural beliefs and norms related to the classification of abnormal behavior?

<p>Behaviors deemed normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have philosophers, physicians, natural scientists, and psychologists used to explain abnormal behavior?

<p>Various approaches or models</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do cultural beliefs and norms impact the understanding of abnormal behavior?

<p>Behaviors deemed normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>Understanding and explaining abnormal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has historically shaped concepts of abnormal behavior in Western culture?

<p>Beliefs in supernatural forces, demons, and evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the predominant worldview regarding abnormal behavior shifted in modern times?

<p>Toward beliefs in science and reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are abnormal behaviors now viewed as in our culture?

<p>The product of physical and psychosocial factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were abnormal behaviors often taken as a sign of throughout much of history?

<p>Possession</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the demonological model of abnormal behavior based on?

<p>Supernatural or divine causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one interpretation of the egg-size cavities found in human skulls from the Stone Age?

<p>They reflect the invasion of evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did ancient Babylonians believe influenced the movements of stars and planets?

<p>Adventures and conflicts of the gods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the demonological model explain abnormal behavior as a result of?

<p>Supernatural or divine causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one possible purpose of trephination, as suggested in the text?

<p>Primitive form of surgery to remove shattered pieces of bone or blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the demonological model attribute abnormal behavior to?

<p>Invasion of evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the ancient Babylonians believe influenced natural forces?

<p>Divine will and spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one interpretation of the purpose of trephining as suggested in the text?

<p>Creating a pathway through the skull to provide an outlet for irascible spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did ancient peoples use to explain natural forces, according to the text?

<p>Divine will and spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of abnormal behavior?

<p>Imbalance of humours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did an overabundance of black bile, according to Hippocrates, cause?

<p>Lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did an excess of yellow bile, according to Hippocrates, make people?

<p>Choleric</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Hippocrates's theory of bodily humours?

<p>It foreshadowed the modern medical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of illnesses of the body and mind?

<p>Natural causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates consider the health of the body and mind to depend on?

<p>Balance of humours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did an imbalance of humours, according to Hippocrates, account for?

<p>Abnormal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates challenge with his theory of bodily humours?

<p>The prevailing beliefs of his time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates believe was the result of an overabundance of phlegm?

<p>Lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the treatment of choice for abnormal behavior during medieval times?

<p>Exorcism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the doctrine of possession hold about abnormal behaviors during medieval times?

<p>They were a sign of possession by evil spirits or the devil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the belief that dominated medieval thought regarding abnormal behavior?

<p>Supernatural causes, especially the doctrine of possession</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the unifying force in Western Europe during medieval times?

<p>Roman Catholic Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the late fifteenth through the late seventeenth centuries especially dangerous times for, according to the text?

<p>Being unpopular with your neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Malleus Maleficarum?

<p>To help inquisitors identify suspected witches</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were many suspected witches persecuted during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

<p>Their abnormal behavior was taken as evidence of a pact with the devil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of abnormal behavior according to the demonological model?

<p>Involvement with evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the standard operating procedure at many Ontario asylums in the nineteenth century?

<p>To allow public viewing of the patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Renaissance Belgian physician Johann Weyer argue about abnormal behavior?

<p>That abnormal behavior and thought patterns were caused by physical problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first asylum in North America established to care for?

<p>People with psychological disorders and intellectual disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who took responsibility for the treatment of patients at the Hôtel Dieu in Quebec City?

<p>The Catholic community</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where were people with psychological disorders outside Quebec commonly kept before the nineteenth century?

<p>Jails, poorhouses, charity shelters, or another convenient stronghold</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did mental hospitals begin to appear in other parts of Canada?

<p>Well into the nineteenth century</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is often credited with freeing the inmates of La Bicêtre from their chains?

<p>Philippe Pinel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was placed in charge of a ward for people considered 'incurably insane' at La Bicêtre?

<p>Jean-Baptiste Pussin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Philippe Pinel stop as part of his efforts in the treatment of the mentally ill?

<p>Harsh practices such as bleeding and purging</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the belief behind the unchaining of inmates at La Bicêtre by Philippe Pinel?

<p>Treating them with kindness would eliminate the need for chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary view of deranged people at the time of Jean-Baptiste Pussin and Philippe Pinel's efforts?

<p>They were regarded as threats to society</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who became the medical director for the incurables’ ward at La Bicêtre in 1793?

<p>Pinel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts at La Bicêtre and elsewhere?

<p>Moral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an important factor that spurred the exodus from psychiatric hospitals?

<p>Phenothiazines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first in North America to publicly report on the therapeutic value of chlorpromazine?

<p>Dr. Ruth Kajander</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the widespread use of chlorpromazine as an antipsychotic drug permit?

<p>Discharge to less-restrictive living arrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the deinstitutionalization policy in Canada during the 1960s and 1970s?

<p>To integrate long-term custodial care patients into community general hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the deinstitutionalization policy on the psychiatric hospital population across Canada?

<p>It decreased from more than 50,000 in 1960 to 15,000 by 1975</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial trend in the 1960s and 1970s regarding stays for psychiatric patients in hospitals?

<p>There was a shift from long stays in provincial psychiatric hospitals to shorter but more frequent stays in general hospital psychiatric units</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six strategic directions outlined in the text?

<p>Promote mental health, foster recovery, provide access, reduce disparities, work with Indigenous communities, mobilize leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many recommendations for action are included in the strategy?

<p>109</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which strategic direction is the focus on reducing disparities in risk factors and access to mental health services?

<p>Reduce disparities in risk factors and access to mental health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the strategy emphasize the need to promote mental health and prevent mental illness?

<p>In homes, schools, and workplaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the report 'Out of the Shadows at Last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Services in Canada'?

<p>Mental health promotion and prevention of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was a comprehensive mental health-care policy established in Canada?

<p>2007</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) aim to improve with the release of 'Changing Directions, Changing Lives' in May 2012?

<p>Mental health and well-being of all people living in Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which centuries did beliefs in possession or demonology persist?

<p>16th and 17th centuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the emerging sciences that offered promise for explaining natural phenomena and human behavior?

<p>Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Astronomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did rapid developments in medical science occur?

<p>18th and 19th centuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What models of abnormal behavior began to surface during the 18th and 19th centuries?

<p>Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural models</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the natural sciences lead society to turn toward in explaining natural phenomena and human behavior?

<p>Reason and Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with arguing that abnormal behavior was rooted in diseases of the brain?

<p>Wilhelm Griesinger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which German physician likened mental disorders to physical diseases in an influential textbook on psychiatry?

<p>Emil Kraepelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraepelin believe was caused by a biochemical imbalance according to the medical model?

<p>Dementia praecox (schizophrenia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the medical model, what did Kraepelin believe was caused by an abnormality in body metabolism?

<p>Manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Wilhelm Griesinger and Emil Kraepelin pave the way for the development of, according to the text?

<p>Modern medical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the medical model inspire regarding the treatment of abnormal behavior?

<p>Compassion replaced hatred, fear, and persecution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contribution of the medical model to the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>Development of a classification system for diagnostic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the medical model inspire regarding the terminology used in the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>Many terms such as mental health, syndrome, diagnosis, patient, mental hospital, prognosis, treatment, therapy, cure, relapse, and remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the medical model provide evidence for regarding a specific form of derangement?

<p>A form of derangement called general paresis represented an advanced stage of syphilis invading brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial optimism of scientists inspired by the medical model regarding abnormal behavior?

<p>Other biological causes, as well as treatments, would soon be discovered for other so-called mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior?

<p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on abnormal behavior was the first major psychological model?

<p>Psychodynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who did Freud receive a strong impression from, leading to the possibility of powerful mental processes hidden from consciousness?

<p>Jean-Martin Charcot</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective on abnormal behavior is based on the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind?

<p>Psychodynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective led to the development of particular forms of therapy to treat psychological disorders?

<p>Psychodynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who experimented with the use of hypnosis in treating hysteria in the nineteenth century?

<p>Jean-Martin Charcot</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who attended Charcot’s demonstrations and reasoned that hysterical symptoms must be psychological in origin?

<p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jean-Martin Charcot and his associates demonstrate about hysterical symptoms?

<p>They could be removed in hysterical patients or induced in normal patients by means of hypnotic suggestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sigmund Freud conclude about the psychological factors giving rise to hysteria?

<p>They must lie outside the range of conscious awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the condition called hysteria, as known in the nineteenth century, now referred to as?

<p>Functional neurological symptom disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to sociocultural theorists, what are the causes of abnormal behavior rooted in?

<p>Failures of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Szasz, how does he view mental illness?

<p>As a myth used to stigmatize socially deviant behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the label of 'mental illness' according to sociocultural theorists, make it difficult to do?

<p>Remove</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Canadian psychiatrist Gordon Warme claim about biological explanations of abnormal behavior?

<p>They are unconvincing</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to sociocultural theorists, how are mental patients affected by the label of 'mental illness'?

<p>They are stigmatized and socially degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of homeless Canadians are estimated to have experienced a mental health problem in their lifetime?

<p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the housing-first approach implemented to help mentally ill and homeless individuals?

<p>Providing housing and professional services for mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the At Home/Chez Soi project in five Canadian cities show an increase in for participants?

<p>Housing stability and community involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 2018 homelessness count in 61 communities show?

<p>A 14% increase in homelessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the coordinated homelessness count in 2016?

<p>To identify the number of homeless individuals staying in shelters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to refer to approaches emphasizing the role of biological factors in explaining abnormal behaviour?

<p>Biological perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recent years, what areas have seen rapid growth in knowledge regarding the biological underpinnings of abnormal behaviour?

<p>Genetics, epigenetics, and stem cell research</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the biological perspective to better understand abnormal behaviour patterns?

<p>The basics of molecular structures and nervous system organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has the medical model, inspired by physicians from Hippocrates through Kraepelin, represented in contemporary understanding of abnormal behaviour?

<p>Biological perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in many forms of abnormal behaviour, especially in terms of biological factors?

<p>The functioning of the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the epigenome?

<p>Regulating gene expression and silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of genes?

<p>Contain instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of genetic errors?

<p>Leading to abnormal bodily structures and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of stem cell research in studying schizophrenia?

<p>Providing insight into the cellular level of schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has epigenetics impacted the understanding of human diseases and disorders?

<p>Revolutionized the theory and treatment of human diseases and disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

<p>Insulates the axon and facilitates transmission of neural impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters in neural transmission?

<p>Induce chemical changes in receiving neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the synapse in neural communication?

<p>Transmit messages between neurons through chemical substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?

<p>They may be broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed by the axon terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are malfunctions in neurotransmitter systems linked to mental health problems?

<p>Excesses and deficiencies of specific neurotransmitters are connected to various mental health disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is most active during processes that replenish energy reserves?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in processing visual stimuli?

<p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing sensations of touch, temperature, and pain?

<p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain regulates higher mental functions, such as thinking, problem solving, and use of language?

<p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most involved in processes that mobilize the body’s resources during physical exertion or responses to stress?

<p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasized the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and was most closely identified with the work of Freud?

<p>Psychodynamic tradition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>Understanding psychological roots of abnormal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the emerging psychological models from the behaviourist, humanistic-existential, and cognitivist traditions emphasize?

<p>Psychological factors in abnormal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Canadian psychiatry become increasingly influenced by in recent years?

<p>Biological models</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are researchers investigating in terms of treatments for problems such as depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders?

<p>The benefits of combining psychological and drug treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining Abnormal Behavior in Cultural Contexts

  • Societies have norms that define acceptable behaviors in specific contexts
  • Norms vary across cultures, leading to different perceptions of abnormal behavior
  • Anxiety is considered abnormal when excessive or inappropriate to the situation
  • Clinicians must consider cultural differences when determining normality
  • Nonconformity to social norms can lead to branding as mentally disturbed
  • Perception or interpretation of reality is considered faulty if it deviates from the norm
  • States of personal distress caused by emotions may be considered abnormal
  • Behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates from acceptable standards of conduct or social norms
  • Maladaptive or self-defeating behavior can be regarded as abnormal
  • Behavior that is dangerous to oneself or others may be considered abnormal
  • Social context plays a crucial role in determining the abnormality of behavior
  • Historical and cultural shifts impact the perception of abnormal behavior

Deinstitutionalization and Mental Health Care in Canada

  • Deinstitutionalization in Canada led to a two-tier mental health-care system, with middle- and upper-class patients having easier access to care than less fortunate Canadians.
  • Community mental health supports and services lagged far behind the rapid exodus of mental health patients from psychiatric hospitals.
  • The closure of psychiatric institutions left mental patients relying on a fragmented system of community services and supports.
  • The community programs and services intended to replace institutional care have been inadequate, leading to difficulty for patients to receive consistent care.
  • A comprehensive mental health-care policy was lacking in Canada until the establishment of the Canadian Mental Health Commission in 2007.
  • In 2006, senators Michael Kirby and Wilbert Keon conducted a comprehensive study on mental health, mental illness, and addiction in Canada, leading to the report "Out of the Shadows at Last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Services in Canada."
  • The report focused on mental health promotion, prevention of mental illness, and the creation of a continuum of care for those with mental illness and addiction.
  • Mental health promotion is a proactive, holistic, multilevel, synergistic process that fosters resilience and well-being, moving beyond the mere absence of mental illness and applying to all people.
  • The Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) was established in 2007 to implement a national mental health-care strategy.
  • The MHCC created the country’s first mental health strategy, "Changing Directions, Changing Lives," released in May 2012, aiming to improve the mental health and well-being of all people living in Canada.
  • In 2009, the MHCC released "Toward Recovery and Well-Being: A Framework for a Mental Health Strategy for Canada," which outlined a vision and broad goals for transforming the mental health system.
  • Canada is on the cusp of change in mental health promotion and prevention, with psychology's role likely to expand across all health-related areas.

Mental Health and Homelessness in Canada

  • Szasz argues that treating people as mentally ill strips them of their dignity by denying them responsibility for their own behavior and choices.
  • Closure of psychiatric hospitals and inadequate funding for community support services led to homeless individuals with psychological problems being left to fend for themselves.
  • Up to 200,000 Canadians are homeless annually, with an estimated 67% having experienced a mental health problem in their lifetime.
  • A housing-first approach was implemented to help mentally ill and homeless individuals, focusing on providing housing and professional services for mental health issues and reintegration into the community.
  • The At Home/Chez Soi project in five Canadian cities showed increased housing stability and community involvement for participants, leading to a $600 million investment in a renewed Homelessness Partnering Strategy.
  • A coordinated homelessness count in 2016 identified 4579 homeless individuals, with the majority staying in shelters and 57% being homeless for six or more months.
  • The 2018 homelessness count in 61 communities showed a 14% increase in homelessness, with 65% in emergency shelters and 30% of respondents identifying as Indigenous.
  • The counts help target groups in need and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing homelessness.

Genetics and Epigenetics in Human Diseases and Disorders

  • The human genome consists of all genetic material encoded in the DNA located in the nucleus of cells, comprising around 2.8 billion base-pair compounds.
  • The genome is made up of chromosomes, genes, and nucleosomes with epigenetic markers that regulate gene expression or silencing.
  • Genes contain instructions for combining 20 standard amino acids to build over 35,000 proteins, crucial for bodily functions and structures.
  • Genetic errors occur when the number or order of DNA base pairs is wrong, potentially leading to abnormal bodily structures and functions.
  • Epigenetics research has revealed that the epigenome, a molecular structure overlaying the genome, plays a vital role in gene regulation through gene expression and silencing.
  • The epigenome dictates which pattern of genes within a cell will be activated, causing differentiation into specialized cell types, such as muscle, skin, or brain cells.
  • Epigenetics research is at the forefront of investigating the role in the origin and course of psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, and eating disorders.
  • Epigenetics provides a significant reinterpretation of the interplay between genes and the environment, revolutionizing the theory and treatment of human diseases and disorders.
  • Stem cell research has opened up new avenues for studying the development and treatment of conditions such as schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder.
  • Stem cells, capable of differentiating into diverse specialized cell types, can now be artificially grown and transformed through cell culture.
  • Researchers have successfully turned skin cells from a patient with schizophrenia into adult stem cells and then grew those stem cells into neurons, providing insight into the cellular level of schizophrenia.
  • This approach has also been used to gain insight into sickle-cell anemia and heart arrhythmias, marking a new phase in understanding and treating genetically complex neuropsychiatric disorders.

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