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Study Notes

Concrete is a construction material made by combining Portland cement, aggregate, and water.
Normal-weight concrete typically weighs between 140 and 160 pounds per cubic foot.
Lightweight insulating concrete can weigh anywhere from 15 to 90 pounds per cubic foot and achieves a compressive strength of 100 to 1000 psi after 28 days.
Mass concrete is used in structures like dams where its weight contributes significantly to the overall strength of the structure.
Heavyweight concrete is made with heavy aggregates such as barite, magnetite, and steel punchings. It's primarily used as radiation shielding in nuclear facilities.
Refractory concrete is pre-cast into its desired shape before being placed in a structure.

Leveling refers to smoothing a concrete surface with mortar to achieve the desired grade and finish.
Edging is rounding the formed edge of a slab to prevent chipping or damage.
Screeding involves using a straight edge with a sawlike motion to smooth the surface of freshly-placed concrete.
Jointing involves placing premolded inserts within concrete slabs to control cracking caused by shrinkage.
Bleeding occurs when dry materials in concrete settle to the bottom, forcing mixing water upward to the surface.
Troweling is done on slabs that will be exposed or finished with thin materials like carpet, tile, or paint.
Scaling is the breaking away of a hardened concrete surface to a depth of 1/6 to 3/16 of an inch. It usually occurs in the early stages of the slab's life.

A harbor provides safe and suitable accommodation for ships, allowing for cargo transfer, refueling, repairs, etc.
Natural harbors are naturally protected from storms and waves due to the surrounding land configuration.
Artificial harbors are protected by breakwaters or created through dredging.
A port is a sheltered area where ships can load and unload cargo. It includes the harbor, approach channels, and anchorage places.
Fairway is the designated waterway used by vessels in a harbor, offshore area, etc.
A wharf is a continuous structure built parallel to the coastline or along riverbanks/canals, providing a place for ships to dock and load/unload cargo or passengers.
A pier extends into the sea (not parallel to the coastline) and includes structures like landing stages, jetties, floating barges, pontoons, and connecting bridges.
A jetty is a landing stage or small pier used by boats to dock or moor.
A dolphin is a berth structure used to moor ships in open seas. It's an isolated piled or gravity structure that guides and holds ships in position.

Significant wave refers to a hypothetical wave whose height and period represent the mean height and period of a wave group.
Highest wave is the highest wave within a wave group.
Mean wave refers to a wave with height and period equal to the average height and period of all waves within a wave group.

Deepwater waves are waves in a location where the water depth is at least half the wavelength. Their parameters are expressed using those of the significant wave at this location.
Mean Sea Level (MSL) is the average sea water level across all tide stages over a 19-year period.
Mean Low Water (MLW) is the average height of low water over a 19-year period.
Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) represents the average height of the lower low waters during a 19-year period.
Storm Surge is an abnormal rise in sea level occurring when a typhoon passes by.