40 Questions
What is the traditional upper limit of normal for systolic and diastolic BP in mmHg?
140/90
What percentage of hypertensive cases is due to Primary (Essential) Hypertension?
95%
What proportion of individuals with hypertension is greater in blacks than in whites?
Higher
Which age group usually experiences the onset of secondary hypertension?
25-40
What is the better predictor of complications in individuals over age 50?
Systolic blood pressure
What has declined 40-60% over the past 2-3 decades, reflecting the increasing proportion of successfully treated patients?
Mortality rates for coronary heart disease and stroke
Which test is much more sensitive than ECG in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy?
Echocardiography
What is the recommended salt intake goal for hypertensive patients?
5-6 g/day
What should be evaluated in order to exclude aortic dissection and peripheral atherosclerosis?
Pulse wave velocity
What should be confirmed through laboratory investigations in hypertensive patients?
Serum potassium levels
Which test is mandatory in resistant and complicated hypertension to evaluate cerebral, cardiac, renal, and vascular damage?
Peripheral artery/abdominal ultrasound
What should be the BMI goal for hypertensive patients?
$25 kg/m^2$
What should be evaluated to confirm additional risk factors and secondary hypertension?
$HbA1c$ if FGP >5.6 mmol/L or previous diabetes diagnosis
What test is recommended in the routine evaluation of uncomplicated hypertension?
$12-$lead ECG$
What is the limit for moderate alcohol intake for men?
$20-30 g/day$
What test should be conducted to evaluate presence of organ damage in hypertensive patients?
Quantitative proteinuria
The diagnosis of Hypertension should be made after elevation is noted on how many readings on different occasions?
Three readings
What may ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure monitoring be helpful for?
Evaluating patients with borderline or variable office blood pressure
What role do genetic factors play in essential hypertension?
Important role
What is the primary abnormality in contraceptive-related hypertension?
Increase in hepatic synthesis of renin substrate
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension due to renal artery stenosis in younger individuals?
Fibromuscular dysplasia
What is the mechanism of renal vascular hypertension?
Excessive renin release due to reduced renal blood flow
What test is the definitive diagnostic test for renal vascular hypertension?
Renal arteriography
What is the preferred approach for treatment of renal artery stenosis in young individuals with fibromuscular dysplasia?
Angioplasty
Which factor has long been incriminated as a pathogenic factor in essential hypertension?
Increased salt intake
What does renin act on to create angiotensin II?
Angiotensinogen
What may play a role in 'labile' hypertension, characterized by marked blood pressure fluctuations?
Sympathetic activation
Why should blood pressure not be measured within 1 hour after smoking and 12 hours after alcohol consumption?
Due to increased plasma norepinephrine
Which imaging method can demonstrate the lesion in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome?
All of the above
What is the usual cause of hypertension in patients with excess aldosterone secretion?
Adrenal adenoma
What is a common clinical finding in patients with pheochromocytoma?
All of the above
Which of the following is a complication of untreated hypertension related to sustained elevations of blood pressure?
All of the above
What is the major predisposing cause of stroke, especially intracerebral hemorrhage?
Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Disease
What is the major cause and exacerbating factor in many patients with dissection of the aorta?
Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease
What do attacks of anxiety, palpitations, profuse perspiration, pallor, and tremor suggest in patients?
Pheochromocytomas
What does ECG evidence of LV hypertrophy indicate in chronic hypertensives?
All of the above
What is a common finding in primary hyperaldosteronism?
All of the above
Which physical finding has a worse prognosis when stage II or higher changes are present?
Retinal changes in hypertension according to Keith-Wagener classification
What are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in essential hypertension?
All of the above
What is a common finding in hypertensive renal disease?
All of the above
Test your knowledge of hypertension management with a focus on medical management for older individuals, contraindications for ACE inhibitors, and conditions such as primary hyperaldosteronism and Cushing’s syndrome. This quiz covers important considerations and treatment options for these specific cases.
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