Hypertension and Blood Pressure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Where are alpha 1 receptors found in the body?

  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Liver
  • Heart (correct)
  • Kidneys

    • What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system responsible for?

  • Liver function
  • Kidney filtration
  • Heart rate regulation
  • Blood pressure regulation (correct)

    • Where is aldosterone released from?

  • Heart
  • Adrenal Cortex (correct)
  • Kidneys
  • Liver

    • What is the primary cause of hypertension?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings would be classified as stage 2 hypertension?

    <p>140/90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?

    <p>BP = CO \times SVR \times HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>Tone of underlying smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Increased glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of loop diuretics?

    <p>Increased excretion of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of alpha 1 antagonists?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Blocking the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most correct about ARBs?

    <p>Blocks Angiotensin 2 from attaching to angiotensin 2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Blocking the Na/Cl symporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?

    <p>Block influx of Ca2+ into vascular muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings would be classified as stage 1 hypertension?

    <p>130/80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?

    <p>BP = CO \times SVR \times HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Beta 1 predominantly found?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood pressure reading would be classified as stage 1 hypertension?

    <p>140/80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = SV x HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>Tone of underlying smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of alpha 2 agonists?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of aldosterone antagonists?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of direct vasodilators?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of loop diuretics?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta blockers?

    <p>Sexual dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of ARBs?

    <p>Increased potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of alpha 1 antagonists?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings would be classified as elevated blood pressure?

    <p>130/80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings would be classified as stage 1 hypertension?

    <p>140/80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings would be classified as stage 2 hypertension?

    <p>140/90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?

    <p>BP = CO \times SVR \times HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the determinants of cardiac output?

    <p>Volume of blood, amount of blood in chamber, and health of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a determinant of systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>Tone of underlying smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter involved in the physiologic control of blood pressure?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

    <p>Sympathetic is fight or flight, releases norepinephrine. Parasympathetic involves normal processes and releases acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Alpha and beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are beta 1 receptors predominantly found?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOA of aldosterone antagonists?

    <p>Inhibit aldosterone-mediated stimulation of ENaC and Na+ ATPase synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a calcium channel blocker (CCB) that blocks calcium influx into cardiac tissue?

    <p>Diltiazem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Another medical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most correct about white coat hypertension?

    <p>It is characterized by elevated blood pressure only in a medical environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most correct about loop diuretics?

    <p>They increase excretion of sodium and chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with beta blockers?

    <p>Bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOA of central acting antihypertensives?

    <p>Decrease sympathetic outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension that can be modified?

    <p>Unhealthy diet high in sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a first-line antihypertensive medication?

    <p>Captopril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOA of direct vasodilators?

    <p>Open potassium channels resulting in hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of biology deals with the functions and activities of life or living matter?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiology of abnormal states, specifically involving the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease?

    <p>Pathophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of medical science deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of medical science is concerned with the causes and origins of diseases and abnormal conditions?

    <p>Etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 'communication systems' that regulate the structure and function of all other systems in the body?

    <p>Body systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biochemical entity on or within a cell to which an endogenous ligand or a drug binds, resulting in a change in cell function?

    <p>Drug target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a protein target?

    <p>Enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is responsible for drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretion involves two pumps to move drugs from blood to the lumen of the nephron?

    <p>Tubular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs secrete drugs into bile canaliculi?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is responsible for drug excretion or retention?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of tubular secretion/tubular reabsorption?

    <p>Tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecular weights can undergo glomerular filtration?

    <p>&lt;2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs are minor organs for excretion?

    <p>Lungs and breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of drugs from the kidney back into the bloodstream?

    <p>Tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are poorly filtered by the kidneys?

    <p>Acidic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the major organ responsible for drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about drug distribution in the body?

    <p>Drugs with high protein binding distribute more slowly from blood into tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about drug excretion?

    <p>Drugs can be excreted either unchanged (parent drug) or as metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about drug metabolism?

    <p>For a drug to be metabolized, it must be bound by metabolizing enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of drug activity modification during metabolism?

    <p>Beta blockers are converted to inactive forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about drug elimination?

    <p>Drug elimination is the combined processes of drug metabolism and drug excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs are the two major organs for drug excretion?

    <p>Liver and Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of enzyme inhibitor that binds to the catalytic site?

    <p>Competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of enzyme inhibitor?

    <p>Reversible inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a competitive inhibitor and a noncompetitive inhibitor?

    <p>Competitive inhibitors bind to the catalytic site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric or regulatory site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a reversible inhibitor and a nonreversible inhibitor?

    <p>Reversible inhibitors can bind and unbind from enzymes, while nonreversible inhibitors irreversibly bind to enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a partial agonist and a full agonist?

    <p>Partial agonists have a lower intrinsic value than full agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of receptor?

    <p>DNA transcription nuclear receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics (PD)?

    <p>The study of drugs' molecular and biochemical actions and physiologic effects on human target cells, tissues, and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that deposit on blood vessel walls and activate complement?

    <p>Type-III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell destruction due to antigen-specific antibody (IgG) and complement?

    <p>Type-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is immediate and mediated by IgE antibodies?

    <p>Type-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is T cell-mediated and does not involve antibodies?

    <p>Type-IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators from basophils or mast cells?

    <p>Type-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction has the typical onset within 1 hour, but may also occur within 1-6 hours?

    <p>Type-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction has the typical onset of >72 hours to weeks?

    <p>Type-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction has the typical onset of >72 hours to weeks?

    <p>Type-III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction has the typical onset of >72 hours?

    <p>Type-IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the clinical presentation of rhinitis, acute asthma, urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis?

    <p>Type-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>A reaction caused by an overactive immune system to an antigenic drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the International Consensus (ICON) on Drug Allergy, when should the term 'drug allergy' be used?

    <p>For drug reactions with proven immune mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a hypersensitivity reaction and an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions are immune-mediated, while ADRs are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common sources of allergens/substances that can induce hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Animals, pollen, dust, and mold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>It is an organ-specific reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a hypersensitivity reaction and an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

    <p>The immune mechanism involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for unwanted, uncomfortable, or hazardous effects induced by a drug?

    <p>Adverse drug reaction (ADR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed term for drug reactions with a proven immune mechanism?

    <p>Drug allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Drug interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a hypersensitivity reaction caused by an overactive immune system to an antigenic drug?

    <p>Drug allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for 6% to 10% of adverse reactions to medications?

    <p>Drug allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a preformed, pharmacologically active chemical mediator triggered when antigens cross-link IgE molecules?

    <p>Variety of other enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of isotype switching from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE upon a second exposure to the same antigen?

    <p>IgM -&gt; IgG -&gt; IgA -&gt; IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the production of an IgE-mediated response in immediate reactions?

    <p>Immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of immediate reactions?

    <p>Maculopapular exanthems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of organs and tissues involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Head -&gt; Eyes -&gt; Ear -&gt; Nose -&gt; Lungs -&gt; Heart -&gt; Stomach -&gt; Blood vessels -&gt; Skin -&gt; Others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct pathway for the pro-hapten/hapten concept?

    <p>Small compounds -&gt; Covalently bind to carrier proteins -&gt; Recognized as foreign by antigen processing cells -&gt; Immunogenic drug portion processed by APCs -&gt; Presented on MHC molecules for recognition by T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct pathway for the p-i concept?

    <p>Drugs bind initially to the T cell receptor -&gt; Signal T cell activation -&gt; Initiation of delayed T-cell mediated reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a newly formed mediator of allergic reactions?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a soluble mediator of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>IgD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Visceral obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Americans with diabetes have Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Increased thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common complications associated with Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Age, genes, obesity, past history of gestational diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>It is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Immune mediated Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Polyuria, polydipsia, rapid weight loss, ketonuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Healthy (eucaloric) diet and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune, genetic, or environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Burning or stabbing pain in the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial phase of fibrosis in the kidneys in diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the leakage of small amounts of albumin from the blood into the urine in the initial phases of diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Microalbuminuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a waste product used to indicate the levels of kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it usually take for kidney failure to occur in people who have lived with diabetes for more than 25 years without any signs of kidney failure?

    <p>It usually takes 15 to 25 years for kidney failure to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing kidney failure for people who have lived with diabetes for more than 25 years without any signs of kidney failure?

    <p>The risk of developing kidney failure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criteria for diagnosing diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level?

    <p>FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criteria for diagnosing diabetes based on 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PG) level during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

    <p>PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target A1C level recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA)?

    <p>A1C &lt;7.0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the insulin receptor?

    <p>To bind to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of glucose in the body?

    <p>Dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major complication associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major types of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Type 1 and Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus in non-pregnant adults?

    <p>Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of ≥ 6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the chronic high blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major organs that can be affected by the chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Eyes and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were the terms 'insulin-dependent diabetes' and 'non-insulin-dependent diabetes' eliminated?

    <p>They were based on pharmacologic considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug decreases hepatic glucose production and enhances insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug reduces plasma glucose by preventing kidneys from reabsorbing glucose back to the blood stream leading to increased glucose excretion?

    <p>SGLT-2 inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses high postprandial (after meal) glucagon secretion, decreasing hepatic glucose output?

    <p>GLP-1 receptor agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug prolongs the half-life of endogenously produced GLP-1 and GIP, thereby increasing glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreas?

    <p>DPP-4 inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug enhances insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver, and fat tissues by binding to peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma primarily located on fat and vascular cells?

    <p>TZDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug enhances insulin secretion by binding to the SUR1 receptor on pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site for metformin?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site for dapagliflozin or empagliflozin?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site for dulaglutide or liraglutide?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site for linagliptin and sitagliptin?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mechanism of action for thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

    <p>Bind to PPAR G located primarily on fat and vascular cells, enhancing insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver, and fat tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Enhance insulin secretion by binding the sulfonylurea receptor on pancreatic Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of metformin?

    <p>GI side effects, B12 lowering, and lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

    <p>Mycotic infections, UTI, polyuria, dehydration, dizziness, hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of GLP-1 agonists?

    <p>Nausea/Vomiting, Diarrhea, Hypoglycemia when combined with sulfonylurea or insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Stuffy runny nose, headache, URI, increasing hospitalization risks in patients with heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

    <p>Fluid retention, weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse drug reaction (ADR) of metformin?

    <p>B12 lowering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is likely the primary determinant of obesity?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones increases appetite?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain has been referred to as the hunger center?

    <p>Lateral hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for appetite suppression?

    <p>GLP-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest determinate of energy expenditure in an individual?

    <p>Metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the basal metabolic rate (BMR) occur?

    <p>4 hours after a meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating BMI (Body Mass Index)?

    <p>BMI = weight (kg)/square of the height (m^2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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