Hypersensitivity Reactions Overview

<p>Vasodilators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient is symptomatic or has severe stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In tissues, after circulating in blood or body fluids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a delayed reaction mediated by T-cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, triggering cell destruction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In multiple organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolytic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune complexes deposit in tissues, activating complement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I is widespread, while Type IV is localized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rejection of a transplanted organ. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Celiac disease (A), Chronic alcohol abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MCV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum B-12 level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal recessive disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional iron deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased erythropoietin production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Family history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated triglycerides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifiable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ST-segment depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high-pitched, blowing diastolic murmur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient experiences symptoms that affect their daily function, leading to alterations in their daily life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History of rheumatic fever. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-standing pulmonary issues (COPD). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased workload on the left ventricle due to pressure overload. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperlipidemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the extent of ischemia and possible coronary angiography. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage IV. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic valve replacement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilatation and hypertrophy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheezing and hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graves' disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood vessel walls and joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoantibody-mediated overstimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of soluble antigens with antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malnutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired antibody response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum iron level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Live attenuated vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common Variable Immunodeficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sideroblastic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired oxygen transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivated polio vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased transferrin saturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistently low (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allergic reactions mediated by IgE causing local inflammation and systemic symptoms.

Severe systemic reaction with hypotension and bronchoconstriction, life-threatening.

Cytotoxic reactions targeting specific tissues, can cause damage or alter function.

Type 2 hypersensitivity where autoantibodies overstimulate the thyroid without destroying it.

Type 2 hypersensitivity involving tissue-specific immune responses like blood transfusion reactions.

Immune complex-mediated reactions causing inflammation and tissue damage.

Formation of antigen-antibody complexes that lead to local inflammation in tissues.

Symptoms include increased metabolism, sweating, tremors, and exophthalmos.

Organ-specific reaction where antibodies bind to cell surface antigens.

Not organ-specific; antibodies bind to soluble antigens forming immune complexes.

A type 3 hypersensitivity where immune complexes deposit in joints.

A type 3 hypersensitivity involving autoimmunity and multi-organ tissue damage.

Episodes of worsened symptoms triggered by various factors like stress or sunlight.

Delayed response mediated by T-cells, not involving antibodies.

Type I rash appears immediately; Type IV rash develops days later.

A type IV hypersensitivity reaction from skin contact with allergens, like poison ivy.

Antihistamines target Type I reactions; not effective for Type IV.

IgE binds to allergens causing mast cell degranulation and histamine release.

IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces leading to destruction.

Type 3 hypersensitivity where antigen-antibody complexes form and deposit in tissues.

A specific response where T-cells react to antigens after exposure.

Preventive treatment for Rh-negative mothers to avoid Type II hypersensitivity.

A Type 3 reaction involving immune complexes from strep throat affecting kidneys.

Classic triad includes ejection murmur, weak pulses, and heart failure signs.

Loud, harsh murmur best heard at right second intercostal space, radiating to carotids.

Weak and delayed due to reduced stroke volume; known as pulsus parvus et tardus.

S4 heart sound occurs due to left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced compliance.

Includes monitoring, medical management, and indications for surgery.

An immune deficiency resulting from single gene defects.

Immune deficiency caused by other diseases or conditions.

A condition characterized by impaired antibody production.

Frequent infections, chronic diarrhea, autoimmune disorders.

Different vaccines based on immune system status.

Vaccines dangerous for severely immunocompromised patients.

Safe for immunocompromised individuals as they contain no live pathogens.

Vaccines that are effective for immunocompromised individuals.

A type of anemia caused by insufficient iron.

Fatigue, weakness, and pallor due to low RBCs or hemoglobin.

A protein that stores and releases iron in the body.

Measure of variability in RBC size, important in anemia diagnosis.

A genetic blood disorder affecting hemoglobin synthesis.

Average concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs.

Involves immunoglobulin therapy and antibiotics.

Characterized by large, immature red blood cells and decreased mature RBCs, often due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies.

Individuals such as vegetarians, elderly, and those with malabsorption syndromes are at risk due to dietary deficiencies.

A type of deficiency leading to megaloblastic anemia, often seen in alcoholics and individuals with low dietary intake.

Symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy (numbness and tingling).

Condition where red blood cells are destroyed, often due to blood type mismatches or autoimmune reactions.

A type of hemolytic anemia caused by a mutation leading to abnormal hemoglobin; can be normocytic during steady state.

Associated with chronic conditions, leading to normocytic or microcytic anemia due to inflammation and cytokine production.

Occurs due to decreased EPO production, resulting in normocytic normochromic anemia.

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per heartbeat; part of cardiac output calculation.

Narrowing/blockage of coronary arteries from atherosclerosis, leading to ischemia and possible heart attacks.

Includes age, genetics, hypertension, smoking, obesity, poor diet; can be modifiable or non-modifiable.

Chest pain radiating to arms and shortness of breath; indicates myocardial ischemia.

Bad cholesterol that can lead to heart disease when elevated; inversely related to HDL.

ST-segment depression on ECG often indicates reduced blood supply to the heart muscle.

Changes in habits like smoking cessation and dietary adjustments to improve health.

Use of medications like statins and beta-blockers for managing heart conditions.

Condition where cardiac output is insufficient to meet oxygen demands.

Reduced ability of the heart muscle to contract, leading to lower stroke volume.

Volume of blood in the left ventricle at end diastole; increases with heart failure.

Failure of the right side of the heart, often due to left-sided failure or lung issues.

Patients have risk factors for heart failure but show no symptoms or damage yet.

Mild symptoms; slight limitation in physical activity but comfortable at rest.

Condition where the aortic valve fails to close, causing blood backflow into the left ventricle.

A high-pitched, blowing sound heard during diastole indicative of aortic regurgitation.

Narrowing of the aortic valve, causing increased pressure in the left ventricle.

Factors include age, bicuspid aortic valve, and rheumatic fever leading to stenosis.

Common symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, and fatigue.

Includes monitoring, medications like diuretics and vasodilators, and possible surgery.

Medications used to lower heart rate and manage symptoms of heart failure.