78 Questions
What is the main cause of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
Illness or infection
How can lipodystrophy be prevented?
Rotating injection sites
What is the first priority in the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
Treating dehydration with 0.9% normal saline
What are the causes of hypoglycemia?
Too much insulin, too little food, and extra activity
Which condition results in the body burning fat for fuel and the production of ketones?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
What is the characteristic sign of hyperglycemia?
Fruity breath (acetone)
What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?
Kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy
How does Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) differ from Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
HHS leads to slower onset, while DKA has a sudden onset
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia?
Shakiness, irritability, confusion
What are the macrovascular changes associated with diabetes?
Heart problems, kidney issues, and diabetic ulcers
Which of the following diagnostic tests would be most appropriate to confirm an endocrine disorder related to the pituitary gland?
Urinalysis
Which disorder is characterized by excessive growth due to hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland in adulthood?
Acromegaly
What disorder arises from a deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones?
Simmonds disease
Which disorder is characterized by excessive production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) resulting in water retention and dilutional hyponatremia?
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Which disorder is caused by an underactive thyroid gland resulting in a decreased metabolic rate and other symptoms?
Hypothyroidism
Which disorder is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones leading to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heart rate, and heat intolerance?
Graves Disease
Which disorder is characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone, leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood?
Hyperparathyroidism
Which disorder results from the adrenal cortex producing too much cortisol, leading to weight gain, particularly in the upper body, and thinning of the skin?
Cushing Syndrome
Which disorder arises from the adrenal cortex not producing enough cortisol and aldosterone, leading to fatigue, muscle weakness, and low blood pressure?
Addison's Disease
What is the main cause of hyperparathyroidism?
Accidental removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy
Which symptom is specifically associated with hypoparathyroidism?
Muscular irritability
What is the primary effect of excess cortisol in Cushing's syndrome?
Hypokalemia
What is the major cause of Addison's disease?
Pituitary malfunction
Which symptom is NOT associated with Addisonian crisis?
Polyuria
What is the characteristic symptom of pheochromocytoma?
Headache
What is the normal range for A1c (glycated hemoglobin)?
4-5.6%
Which test requires fasting the night before and checking blood glucose 2 hours after drinking a solution?
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
What is the normal range for blood glucose in the Fasting Glucose Test (FPG)?
<100 mg/dL
What is the main effect of hypoparathyroidism?
Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
Which of the following is NOT a cause of short stature?
Excess growth hormone production in adults
What is the substance that helps to control fluid balance by reducing urination?
Antidiuretics
What causes Graves' disease?
Autoimmune attack on thyroid gland
What is the difference between acromegaly and gigantism?
Acromegaly occurs when GH is oversecreted in adults; gigantism occurs when GH is undersecreted in children.
What is the condition in which the body makes too much ADH, resulting in water intoxication along with sodium deficiency?
SIADH
What are the signs and symptoms of exophthalmos (proptosis)?
Bulging eyes, red eyes, watery eyes
What is the characteristic sign of hyperthyroidism?
Bulging eye (exophthalmos)
What causes goiter?
Iodine deficiency
What are the primary causes of diabetes insipidus?
Head injury, brain tumor
What is the difference between diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
Diabetes insipidus involves underproduction of ADH; SIADH involves overproduction of ADH.
Which disorder results from the adrenal cortex producing too much cortisol, leading to weight gain, particularly in the upper body, and thinning of the skin?
Cushing Syndrome
What is the characteristic sign of hypoparathyroidism?
Muscle weakness and low blood pressure
What is the condition in which the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in water intoxication along with sodium deficiency?
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Which disorder arises from a deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones?
Simmonds disease (panhypopituitarism)
What are the primary causes of diabetes insipidus?
Excessive production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What causes Graves' disease?
Excessive production of thyroid hormones
Which diagnostic test would be most appropriate to confirm an endocrine disorder related to the pituitary gland?
Biopsy
Which of the following is a recommended foot care practice for individuals with diabetes?
Using foot powder
What is the main cause of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
Illness or stress
What are the signs and symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Fruity breath (acetone)
What is the first priority in the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Treat dehydration with 0.9 normal saline
What is the characteristic sign of hyperglycemia?
Skin flushed, dry, and hot
What are the macrovascular changes associated with diabetes?
Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction
What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?
Clouding of the lens and diabetic retinopathy
What causes Diabetic Nephropathy?
High blood glucose levels damaging the kidney's filtration system
What is the main treatment for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
(IV) Regular insulin and treating dehydration with 0.9 normal saline
What is the main cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Excessive production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
What causes pheochromocytoma?
Tumors in the adrenal medulla
What is the primary effect of excessive growth hormone (GH) production in adults?
Enlargement of cranium and lower jaw
Which substance helps to control fluid balance by reducing urination?
Vasopressin
What is the characteristic symptom of hypothyroidism?
Increased sensitivity to cold
Which disorder is characterized by an underactive thyroid gland resulting in a decreased metabolic rate?
Hashimoto's disease
What is the substance that can lead to water intoxication and sodium deficiency when produced excessively by the body?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the primary effect of excess cortisol in Cushing's syndrome?
Weight gain, particularly in the upper body, and thinning of the skin
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypoparathyroidism?
Deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the substance that helps to control fluid balance by reducing urination?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What causes Graves' disease?
What is the characteristic sign of hyperglycemia?
Excessive thirst and hunger
What is the difference between acromegaly and gigantism?
Acromegaly leads to proportional overgrowth, while gigantism leads to disproportionate overgrowth
What are the primary causes of hyperglycemia?
Too much food and too little insulin
What is the main cause of Diabetic Nephropathy?
High blood glucose levels
What is the characteristic sign of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Fruity breath (acetone)
What is the primary effect of excess cortisol in Cushing's syndrome?
Weight gain, particularly in the upper body, and thinning of the skin
Which disorder results from an underactive thyroid gland resulting in a decreased metabolic rate?
Hypothyroidism
What is the difference between Diabetes insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)?
Onset and primary cause
What are the macrovascular changes associated with diabetes?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke (CVA)
What causes pheochromocytoma?
Tumor in adrenal glands
What is the substance that helps to control fluid balance by reducing urination?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What causes goiter?
Enlarged thyroid gland due to thyroid hormone imbalance
Study Notes
- Endocrine disorders can be diagnosed through diagnostic tests such as lab/blood tests, urinalysis, imaging tests, radioactive tests, thyroid scans, and biopsy.
- Disorders of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland include acromegaly, gigantism, short stature (formerly known as dwarfism), and Simmonds disease (panhypopituitarism).
- Acromegaly is characterized by the overgrowth of growth hormone in adults, causing enlargement of cranium and lower jaw, bulging forehead, enlarged tongue, enormous hands and feet, thick lips, and large nose.
- Gigantism occurs when excessive GH production happens prior to puberty, leading to abnormal growth in height.
- Short stature can result from GH deficiency in childhood, causing a person to grow to only a few feet in height but with normal proportions, along with fatigue, weakness, excess body fat, decreased muscle and bone mass, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, psychological disturbances, and decreased quality of life.
- Diuretics are substances that promote diuresis, the increased production of urine, while antidiuretics help control fluid balance by reducing urination.
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is a condition where the body produces too much ADH, leading to water intoxication and sodium deficiency, causing symptoms such as oliguria, headache, cramps or tremors, seizures, nausea or vomiting, irritability, depressed mood, memory impairment, stupor or coma, personality changes, lethargy, increased specific gravity, and weight gain.
- Diabetes Insipidus is a condition where the body underproduces ADH, leading to the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, causing symptoms such as thirst, dehydration, dry mucous membranes, and low urine output.
- Thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism (Graves disease, exophthalmos, thyroid storm), hypothyroidism (myxedema, cretinism, goiter, Hashimoto), and disorders of the parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism).
- Hyperparathyroidism involves increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, leading to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, causing symptoms such as osteomalacia, pathological fractures, weakness, nausea and constipation, kidney stones, UTI, disorientation, and tetany.
- Hypoparathyroidism results from inadequate circulating PTH, leading to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, causing symptoms such as tremors, muscular irritability, labyrinthian spasm, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, Chvosteks and Trousseau signs.
- Cushing's Syndrome is caused by excess cortisol in the body, leading to round and hairy appearance, buffalo hump, moon face, thin arms and legs, wavy abdomen, hyperglycemia, depression, suicidal ideations, and bone demineralization.
- Addison's disease is a condition where the adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and aldosterone, leading to fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hypoglycemia.
- Addisonian crisis is a medical emergency caused by a sudden drop in cortisol levels, leading to symptoms such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, and hypoglycemia.
- Hyperaldosteronism is a condition where the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, leading to increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, causing symptoms such as high blood pressure, muscle cramps, and weakness.
- Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces and secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, leading to symptoms such as high blood pressure, sweating, tremors, and palpitations.- Adrenal glands do not produce sufficient cortisol and aldosterone due to destruction or degeneration of the adrenal cortex.
- Causes of Addison's disease include massive infections (e.g. tuberculosis), hemorrhage, pituitary malfunction, long-term steroid therapy, and cancer.
- Addison's disease symptoms: dark pigmentation of skin, dehydration, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, nausea, anorexia, hypotension, weight loss, dizziness, craving for salt, intolerance to cold, and adrenal crisis when functions reach critically low levels.
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are important hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Aldosterone helps maintain water and electrolyte balance.
- In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands do not secrete enough cortisol, leading to hypoglycemia, dehydration, and other symptoms. They also do not secrete enough aldosterone, leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Test your knowledge about hyperparathyroidism, its signs, symptoms, and treatment options including thyroid lobectomy. Learn about the condition involving increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its effects on the body.
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