17 Questions
What is the primary cause of Milk-alkali Syndrome?
Widespread use of calcium carbonate as prophylaxis for osteoporosis
Which of the following is a common manifestation of Milk-alkali Syndrome?
Hypercalcemia
What is the underlying mechanism for hypercalcemia in granulomatous disorders?
Increased vitamin D synthesis by macrophages in granulomatous tissue
What is the primary mechanism of hypercalcemia in Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (HHM)?
Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
Which of the following cancers is LEAST likely to be associated with Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (HHM)?
Leukemia
Which of the following is a common granulomatous disorder that can lead to hypercalcemia?
Sarcoidosis
What is the main reason for parathyroid gland hyperplasia due to resistance to PTH?
Chronic stimulation
What is the mechanism behind hypercalcemia in malignancy-related cases with bone metastases?
Secretion of lymphokines with osteoclast potentiating activity
In conditions with hypercalcemia without bone metastases, which hormone is responsible for the increase in calcium levels?
PTH-related peptide (PTHrP)
Which type of cancer is not associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM)?
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
How does humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) differ from hypercalcemia with bone metastases?
HHM involves PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) production.
What is the primary cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?
Overproduction of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
Which of the following statements about PTHrP is true?
It can cause hypercalcemia during lactation
What is the primary difference between the effects of PTH and PTHrP?
PTH is regulated by feedback, while PTHrP is not regulated by calcium levels
In the context of hypercalcemia of malignancy, what is the purpose of measuring PTHrP levels?
To differentiate between primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia of malignancy
Which of the following statements about the intact PTH assay is true?
It does not cross-react with circulating PTHrP
Which of the following is a characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?
Decreased calcium levels and increased phosphate levels
Test your knowledge on the manifestations of hyperparathyroidism, including increased PTH levels, decreased ionized calcium, bone abnormalities, kidney stones, and gland hyperplasia. Explore the impact on various organs and hormones in the body.
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