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Questions and Answers
What does the coefficient of variation represent?
What does the coefficient of variation represent?
What is a compound weir?
What is a compound weir?
What does conditional probability measure?
What does conditional probability measure?
What is a confidence interval?
What is a confidence interval?
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What is the role of the continuity equation in hydrology?
What is the role of the continuity equation in hydrology?
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What is convective precipitation caused by?
What is convective precipitation caused by?
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What does the correlation coefficient indicate?
What does the correlation coefficient indicate?
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What is the purpose of a current meter?
What is the purpose of a current meter?
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What is the median in a continuous frequency distribution?
What is the median in a continuous frequency distribution?
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What is defined as the least value of discharge in a stream during a hydrological year?
What is defined as the least value of discharge in a stream during a hydrological year?
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In a distribution of a discrete variate, what does the mode represent?
In a distribution of a discrete variate, what does the mode represent?
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What is the purpose of model calibration in hydrology?
What is the purpose of model calibration in hydrology?
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What does meteorology study?
What does meteorology study?
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Which of the following definitions describes a moment in statistics?
Which of the following definitions describes a moment in statistics?
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What does meteorological radar utilize to measure objects and terrain?
What does meteorological radar utilize to measure objects and terrain?
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What is the extended hydrological forecast period known as?
What is the extended hydrological forecast period known as?
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What does the term 'actual evapotranspiration' refer to?
What does the term 'actual evapotranspiration' refer to?
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Which of the following defines 'annual maximum series'?
Which of the following defines 'annual maximum series'?
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What is 'advection' in the context of hydrology?
What is 'advection' in the context of hydrology?
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Which of the following best describes 'annual storage capacity'?
Which of the following best describes 'annual storage capacity'?
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How is 'antecedent precipitation index' utilized in hydrology?
How is 'antecedent precipitation index' utilized in hydrology?
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What does 'annual runoff' indicate?
What does 'annual runoff' indicate?
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What is the significance of 'active basin area' in hydrology?
What is the significance of 'active basin area' in hydrology?
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Which statement accurately describes 'annual series'?
Which statement accurately describes 'annual series'?
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What is the primary purpose of conducting a pumping test?
What is the primary purpose of conducting a pumping test?
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Which term describes the region where rainfall is significantly less due to being on the lee side of a mountain?
Which term describes the region where rainfall is significantly less due to being on the lee side of a mountain?
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Which instrument is specifically designed to measure the depth of water from precipitation?
Which instrument is specifically designed to measure the depth of water from precipitation?
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What does 'rainfall intensity' refer to?
What does 'rainfall intensity' refer to?
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What is the significance of a rainfall intensity return period?
What is the significance of a rainfall intensity return period?
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In the context of quantiles, what is quartile?
In the context of quantiles, what is quartile?
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What does 'rainfall excess' specifically refer to?
What does 'rainfall excess' specifically refer to?
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Which term describes the variation in depth of rainfall both spatially and temporally?
Which term describes the variation in depth of rainfall both spatially and temporally?
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What does skewness refer to in relation to a frequency distribution?
What does skewness refer to in relation to a frequency distribution?
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What is the primary purpose of a staff gauge in a water resource system?
What is the primary purpose of a staff gauge in a water resource system?
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How is the standard error of estimate defined?
How is the standard error of estimate defined?
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Which term is used to describe the maximum flood flow that a dam spillway can handle without causing damage?
Which term is used to describe the maximum flood flow that a dam spillway can handle without causing damage?
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What characterizes a stationary process in statistics?
What characterizes a stationary process in statistics?
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What is the standard deviation commonly used to measure?
What is the standard deviation commonly used to measure?
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What does a stage hydrograph show?
What does a stage hydrograph show?
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In what form can the stage-discharge relation be expressed?
In what form can the stage-discharge relation be expressed?
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Study Notes
Hydrology Terminology
- Accumulative Precipitation Gauge: Used for measuring precipitation in locations only visited periodically.
- Active Basin Area: The area of a basin excluding any portions that don't drain into it.
- Actual Evaporation: The quantity of water vaporizing from an open water surface or the ground.
- Actual Evapotranspiration: The combined amount of water evaporated from soil and transpired by plants in natural conditions.
- Advection: The horizontal transfer of air mass properties due to wind.
- Altitude: Vertical distance measured from mean sea level to a point, object, or level.
- Annual Exceedence Series: A series of values representing independent events like floods, occurring above a chosen base value. The count of values equals the number of years in the record.
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Annual Flood:
- (1) The highest peak discharge in a single water year.
- (2) A flood that happens, on average, once per year.
- Annual Flow: The total volume of water flowing in a year, usually referring to a drainage area or river basin's output.
- Annual Maximum Series: An extreme values series containing the highest annual values.
- Annual Minimum Series: An extreme values series containing the lowest annual values.
- Annual Runoff: The total volume of water flowing in a year, commonly referring to the outflow from a drainage area or river basin.
- Annual Series: A hydrological series where each term represents a specific characteristic or element for a given year.
- Annual Storage: The volume of water that can be held in a reservoir to adjust for seasonal variations in inflow and demand.
- Annual Storage Capacity: The maximum volume of water that can be stored in a reservoir to manage seasonal variations in inflow and demand.
- Antecedent Precipitation Index (API): A weighted sum of past daily rainfall amounts used to estimate soil moisture.
- Coefficient of Variation: A dimensionless statistical parameter representing the variability of a stochastic variable in time or space. Calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.
- Compound Weir: A weir composed of two or more sections that might be of different types and/or dimensions.
- Conceptual Hydrological Model: A simplified mathematical representation of some or all processes within the hydrological cycle. It uses hydrological concepts expressed mathematically and linked in a time and space sequence that mimics natural processes.
- Conditional Probability: The probability of an event (E) happening given the occurrence of another event (F).
- Confidence Interval: An interval that includes the true value with a specific probability, determined by the statistics of the sample.
- Confidence Level: The probability that a confidence interval contains the true value.
- Confidence Limits: The upper and lower boundaries of a confidence interval.
- Constant-Rate Dilution Gauging: A procedure to determine flow characteristics such as velocity or discharge. A known concentration of tracer is injected at a constant rate, and the tracer's concentration is measured downstream when good mixing occurs.
- Continental Hydrology: The study of hydrological processes in continental areas, focusing on the land-based portion of the water cycle.
- Continuity Equation: An equation describing the conservation of mass in a flowing substance like water.
- Convective Precipitation: Precipitation stemming from convective motions in the atmosphere.
- Correlation: An interdependence or relationship between two measurable variables.
- Correlation Coefficient: A measure of the interdependence between two variables. The product-moment correlation coefficient is the covariance divided by the product of their standard deviations.
- Crest Gauge (Crest Gage): A device measuring the maximum water level reached.
- Cumulative Precipitation Gauge: A precipitation gauge employed at stations visited at infrequent intervals.
- Cup-Type Current Meter: A current meter with a rotating wheel fitted with cups that spins on a vertical axis.
- Current Meter: An instrument used to measure the velocity of water at a specific point.
- Median: The value that divides a continuous frequency distribution into two halves with equal frequency. For discrete data, it's the middle value in a ranked dataset when the number of data points is odd, or the average of the two central values if the number is even.
- Medium-Term (Extended) Hydrological Forecast: A forecast of a water body's future regime for a period between 2 and 10 days from the time of issuance.
- Meteorological (Weather) Radar: A system using beamed, repeated, and timed electromagnetic radiation to detect, locate, quantify, and measure the altitude of objects, as well as generating terrain images.
- Meteorology: The study of the atmosphere.
Minimum Annual Discharge/Flow
- Minimum Annual Discharge: Lowest discharge value in a stream during a hydrological year.
- Minimum Annual Flow: Lowest discharge value in a stream during a hydrological year.
- Mode: The variate that occurs most frequently in a distribution of a discrete variate. For a continuous variate, it represents the variate with the maximum probability density.
- Model: A representation of an object, process, or system in any form. In hydrology, a model is commonly a mathematical representation of a basin, water system, or a set of data.
Model Calibration and Fitting
- Model Calibration (Model Fitting): The process of adjusting a model's parameters, either based on physical considerations or mathematical optimization, to ensure the best possible agreement between observed data and the model's estimated output.
- Moment: A statistical measure representing the mean value of a variable raised to a power. It can be calculated about the origin or around a fixed value. When taken around the mean, they are called central moments.
- Monitoring (Pumping Test): The process involves pumping water out of a well at specific rates while regularly measuring piezometric levels at the pumped well and nearby observation wells. Data collected from these tests helps determine aquifer parameters around the pumped well.
- Quantile: A class of partition values of a variate that divide the total frequency of a population or sample into a given number of equal proportions. Examples include quartiles (n = 4), deciles (n = 10), etc.
- Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF): A prediction of the amount of precipitation.
- Radar (-Rainfall) Equation: An equation defining the maximum range achievable by a specific radar system in terms of its design parameters and the effective target echo area.
- Rain: Liquid water precipitation, either in drops larger than 0.5 mm in diameter or smaller, dispersed drops.
- Rain Gauge (Rain Gage): An instrument to measure rainfall depth at a point.
- Rain Recorder: An instrument that measures and records rainfall depth over time.
- Rain Shadow: An area located on the leeward side of a mountain or range with significantly less rainfall than the windward side.
- Rainfall (Depth): The amount of liquid water falling from the atmosphere, expressed as a depth of water on a horizontal surface.
- Rainfall Distribution: The spatial and temporal variation of rainfall depth.
- Rainfall Excess: The portion of rainfall directly contributing to surface runoff.
- Rainfall Intensity: The rate of rainfall, expressed in units of depth per unit time.
- Rainfall Intensity Pattern: The distribution of rainfall rate over time during a storm.
- Rainfall Intensity Return Period: The average time interval (in years) between occurrences of rainfall of a specified intensity and the next rainfall of equal or greater intensity.
- Rainfall Maximization: A procedure used to determine probable maximum precipitation.
- Rain-Gauge Shield (Rain-Gage Shield): A device that protects a rain gauge from wind, snow, or other factors that could affect measurements.
- Random Error: The deviation between a computed, estimated, or measured value and the true value. The deviation behaves randomly, like a variable chosen from a probability distribution of such errors.
- Random Process: A stochastic process often referred to as a "stochastic process."
Simulation and Skewness
- Simulation: The reproduction or representation of an event or a sequence of related events in a model, for example, of a water resource system.
- Skewness: Asymmetry in a frequency or probability distribution.
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Spillway Design Flood:
- (1) The flood used in the design calculations for a dam's spillway.
- (2) The maximum flood flow that can be passed without causing damage or a significant risk to the stability of the engineering structure.
- Staff Gauge (Staff Gage): A graduated scale used for measuring water surface levels in a stream channel, reservoir, lake, etc.
- Stage: The vertical distance from a gauge datum to the water surface of a stream, lake, or reservoir (or groundwater observation well).
- Stage Gauge (Stage Gage): A graduated scale used for measuring water surface levels in a stream channel, reservoir, lake, etc.
- Stage Hydrograph: A graph depicting the temporal variation of hydrological data like stage, discharge, velocity, or sediment load.
Stage-Discharge Relation
- Stage-Discharge Relation: The relationship between stage and discharge at a river cross-section. It's represented as a curve, table, or equation(s).
- Standard Deviation: A commonly used measure of dispersion in a frequency distribution or a set of values. It's equal to the positive square root of the variance.
- Standard Error: The positive square root of the variance of a statistic's sampling distribution.
- Standard Error of Estimate: An expression for the standard deviation of observed values around a regression line. It estimates the likely variation in predictions based on a regression equation.
- Standard Project Flood: The discharge expected from the most severe combination of meteorological and hydrological conditions reasonably characteristic of the geographic region, excluding extremely rare combinations.
- Standardized Variate: A variable transformed into a standardized form with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one by subtracting the population or sample mean and dividing by the population or sample standard deviation.
- Stationary Process: A stochastic process whose probability distribution is completely independent of time. It's stationary in the wide sense if its mean and variance are constant over time. The statistics of samples from a stationary process may vary due to sampling variability but not due to sample size or location within the population.
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Test your knowledge of key hydrology terms and concepts with this informative quiz. From precipitation measurements to evapotranspiration, explore essential vocabulary that defines the science of water. Perfect for students and professionals involved in environmental science and hydrology.
