Hydraulic Engineering Terminology

The hydraulic radius is the cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter, where the wetted perimeter is the length of the ______ in contact with the water.

Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or ______.

In an inverted siphon, a closed conduit is designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels, and local ______.

Leaching is the deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in the loss of salts or ______.

A lined channel refers to canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for channel stabilization and/or reduced ______.

The normal depth is the constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a uniform flow ______.

Optimal emitter spacing refers to drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from ______ tests.

The pan coefficient is the ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a ______.

Percolation is the vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by soil structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type, and ______.

The permeability test is a method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of soil under unit ______ gradient.