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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Gestalt principles?
Who conducted early work in the field of behavior and studied conditioned reflex?
What was the reflex Pavlov studied in response to a stimulus?
Which theory late in the century considered the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of individually measured parts?
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What is the primary focus of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology?
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In client-centered therapy, what role does the patient play in the therapy session?
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According to Carl Rogers, what does a therapist need to display to maximize the effectiveness of client-centered therapy?
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What did Carl Rogers believe people were more than capable of doing?
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What does generalizing refer to in the context of research?
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Why might people change their behavior during naturalistic observation?
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What is the issue with obtaining accurate information during naturalistic observation?
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What do the hand washing example and the phenomenon mentioned earlier in the chapter have in common?
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What is the purpose of the Skinner box?
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Which psychological perspectives dominated American psychology during the early 20th century?
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What was a major objection to both Freudian psychology and behaviorism?
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What did psychologists who formed humanism emphasize?
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Study Notes
Gestalt Principles
- Main focus is on understanding the human perception of the world as a whole, rather than breaking it down into individual parts.
Early Work in Behaviorism
- Ivan Pavlov conducted early work in the field of behaviorism, studying conditioned reflexes.
Pavlov's Reflex
- Pavlov studied the salivary reflex in response to a stimulus, such as the sound of a bell.
Holistic Theory
- The theory that emerged late in the century, considering the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of individually measured parts, is known as Holism.
Humanistic Psychology
- The primary focus of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology is on the subjective experience of individuals.
- Humanistic psychology focuses on the whole person, rather than just their behaviors or unconscious motivations.
Client-Centered Therapy
- In client-centered therapy, the patient plays an active role in the therapy session, taking responsibility for their own growth and change.
- According to Carl Rogers, a therapist needs to display empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard to maximize the effectiveness of client-centered therapy.
- Carl Rogers believed that people are more than capable of self-actualization and self-directed growth.
Research Methods
- Generalizing refers to the process of applying research findings to a larger population or different context.
- People may change their behavior during naturalistic observation because they are aware of being observed.
- The issue with obtaining accurate information during naturalistic observation is that people's behaviors may not be representative of their typical behavior.
- The hand washing example and the phenomenon mentioned earlier in the chapter both demonstrate the power of social influence on behavior.
- The purpose of the Skinner box is to study operant conditioning, a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences.
History of Psychology
- The psychological perspectives that dominated American psychology during the early 20th century were Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis.
- A major objection to both Freudian psychology and behaviorism was that they did not focus on the inherent value and dignity of individuals.
- Psychologists who formed humanism emphasized the importance of human dignity, self-actualization, and subjective experience.
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Description
Explore the qualitative and quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology, including the study of happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy. Learn about key figures like Carl Rogers and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
