W12: Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology Quiz
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W12: Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is considered the relational component of self-transcendent experiences (STEs)?

  • Heightened self-consciousness
  • Dissolution of bodily self
  • Sense of connectedness (correct)
  • Increased self-centeredness
  • How do self-transcendent experiences (STEs) correlate with psychological wellbeing?

  • Positive correlation with anxiety
  • No correlation with meaning in life
  • Negative correlation with social connection
  • Negative correlation with depression (correct)
  • According to Cloninger's psychobiological model, which character dimension is emphasized along with self-transcendence?

  • Impulsiveness
  • Cooperativeness (correct)
  • Self-centeredness
  • Isolation
  • Which of the following best describes the experience of 'ego death'?

    <p>Loss of personal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can significantly influence the experience of substance-induced effects related to STEs?

    <p>Cultural context of the experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of organized character in Cloninger's model?

    <p>High self-direction and low self-transcendence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about self-transcendence is true?

    <p>It can indicate serious personality disturbance without other character traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do STEs play in alleviating narcissism?

    <p>Promote selflessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological approach tends to focus on the independent ego?

    <p>Western therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common trigger for self-transcendent experiences (STEs)?

    <p>Psychoactive substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Haugan & Innstrand's research, interpersonal self-transcendence is associated with what?

    <p>Negative correlation with depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Eastern psychology, the concept of 'Anatta' relates to which idea?

    <p>Self as an illusory construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk factor associated with high self-transcendence in adolescents?

    <p>Higher likelihood of self-harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the focus of humanistic psychology?

    <p>The potential and nature of humanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experience is categorized by intense feelings of joy and interconnectedness according to Maslow?

    <p>Peak experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of mindfulness as described in contemporary psychology?

    <p>An open awareness of the present moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does experiencing awe influence prosocial behavior?

    <p>It leads to a reduction in self-salience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological state is achieved during flow states?

    <p>Total absorption in an activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes self-transcendent experiences (STEs)?

    <p>Disappearance of the self along with enhanced connectedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plateau experiences characterized by?

    <p>A sense of lasting calmness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological approach involves scientific rigor and focuses on well-being?

    <p>Positive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology

    • Humanistic psychology focuses on human potential and the meaning of life.
    • Transpersonal psychology is the psychology of spirituality, considering the full breadth of human experience.
    • Positive psychology, a more scientifically rigorous approach, focuses on well-being, considering both hedonic (pleasure) and eudemonic (meaningful) approaches.

    Positive Human Experiences

    • Peak Experiences: Intense moments of joy, wonder, and interconnectedness.
    • Plateau Experiences: Positive, enduring experiences like serenity and calmness.
    • Peak Performance: Superior functioning in a specific area.
    • Flow States: Complete absorption in an activity.
    • Religious Experiences: Feelings of connection to a higher power or spiritual realm.

    Mindfulness

    • Non-judgmental focus on the present moment, derived from Buddhist and yogic practices.
    • Characterized by open, non-defensive awareness.
    • Applied in psychotherapy for anxiety and depression in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy.

    Awe

    • Transformative self-expansive state elicited by something perceived as greater than oneself.
    • Induces a "self-reductive state," where the individual feels smaller in comparison to the awe-inspiring stimuli.
    • Associated with prosocial behavior, reducing self-centeredness and increasing generosity.

    Self-Transcendent Experiences (STEs)

    • Experiences where the sense of self dissolves, leading to decreased self-salience and increased feelings of connectedness.
    • Can range in intensity from routine (e.g., being absorbed in music) to intense (e.g., feeling one with the universe).
    • Occur in various cultures and throughout history, triggered by practices like meditation, prayer, yoga, music, dancing, and psychoactive substances.

    Components of STEs

    • Annihilational Component: Dissolution of the bodily sense of self.
    • Relational Component: Sense of connectedness with something larger than oneself.

    STEs and the Self

    • STEs lead to a decrease in self-consciousness, self-awareness, and self-centeredness.
    • Potential antidote to narcissism by promoting selflessness.

    STEs and Wellbeing

    • Linked to positive outcomes like:
      • Perceived social connection
      • Wellbeing
      • Prosocial behavior
      • Meaning in life
    • Excessive self-focus is associated with depression and anxiety, and self-conscious emotions like shame and guilt.

    STEs and Pathology

    • STEs can manifest in both positive and pathological forms.
    • Dissociation (depersonalization) is associated with negative outcomes.
    • Psychotic experiences (e.g., ego death) involve a feeling of lost sense of self.

    Normal vs. Pathological STEs

    • Cloninger's Psychobiological Model: Distinguishes between temperament (inherited traits) and character (developed traits).
      • Self-Transcendence (ST) is one of the character dimensions, referring to seeing oneself as part of a larger unity.
      • Unitive Consciousness: Feeling everything is part of a whole.
      • The configuration of character dimensions determines whether ST is positive or negative.
      • Healthy Personality: Two types:
        • Organized Character: High self-directedness, cooperativeness, and low ST.
        • Creative Character: High self-directedness, cooperativeness, and high ST.
      • Both are healthy when self-interested behavior is acceptable, but high ST can be vital during threats.

    Self-Transcendence and Psychopathology

    • Schizotypal Character Profiles: High ST with low self-directedness and cooperativeness can indicate psychosis proneness or adaptive personality, depending on other character dimensions.

    • Schizophrenia: Lower self-directedness and cooperativeness, and higher ST.

    • Self-harm: High ST and low self-directedness; particularly in adolescents with attempted self-harm.

    • Komasi (2022) Meta-analysis:

      • ST is significantly associated with:
        • Schizophrenia
        • Schizotypal Personality Disorder
        • Schizoid Personality Disorder
        • Borderline and Histrionic Personality Disorders
      • High ST without high self-directedness and cooperativeness can indicate serious personality disturbance.

    Western vs. Eastern Psychology

    • Western Psychology: Focuses on the individual self, emphasizing individualism.
    • Buddhist Psychology: Proposes "Anatta" (no real self) and views the self as a delusion, composed of constantly changing "skandhas" (form, feeling, perception, impulses, consciousness).
    • Suffering arises from the delusion of separateness, leading to selfishness, anxiety, and fear.

    Implications for Therapy

    • Western Therapy: Aims to strengthen the independent ego/self.
    • Buddhist Therapy: Seeks to dissolve the experience of self-as-a-separate-entity and replace it with a sense of interconnectedness.
    • Mindfulness Therapy: Can be helpful in promoting self-awareness and present-moment focus.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of humanistic and transpersonal psychology concepts, including positive psychology and mindfulness. Explore key experiences such as peak experiences and flow states, and their implications for well-being. Dive deeper into the spiritual dimensions of psychology and discover how they enhance the human experience.

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