Human Skin and Appendages Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of eyelash and nasal hair?

To provide warmth to the scalp

To enhance facial aesthetics

To absorb moisture

To keep dust out of eyes and nasal cavities (correct)

What is the role of nail follicles?

To facilitate the sensation of touch

To regulate body temperature

To generate new hair growth

To protect ends of fingers and toes from mechanical injury (correct)

Which layer contains capillaries that nourish the stratum germinativum?

Subcutaneous layer

Papillary layer (correct)

Dermis

Epidermis

What sensory changes do receptors in the skin primarily detect?

Touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

Preventing drying of skin and hair and inhibiting bacteria growth Signup and view all the answers

What does ceruminous glands produce that helps protect the ear?

Cerumen Signup and view all the answers

What type of sweat do eccrine sweat glands produce to help regulate body temperature?

Watery sweat Signup and view all the answers

What function does scalp hair primarily serve?

To provide insulation from cold Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'superficial' refer to in anatomical terms?

Toward the surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'distal' in relation to body parts?

Farther from the source Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a structure that is located outside or exterior to another structure?

External Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms means 'closer to the point of origin'?

Proximal Signup and view all the answers

What does 'visceral' refer to in anatomical terminology?

Relating to organs within a cavity Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terms, what does 'central' imply?

The main part of a system Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical term refers to nerves that extend from the main part of the nervous system?

Peripheral Signup and view all the answers

What does 'parietal' mean in the context of anatomy?

Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucous membranes in the body?

Lubricate body tracts that open to the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which pericardium directly covers the heart muscle?

Visceral pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synovial membranes?

Secrete synovial fluid to reduce friction in joints Signup and view all the answers

Where is the peritoneum located and what is its primary role?

Lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of periosteum in the skeletal system?

Covers each bone and contains blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue membrane covers cartilage?

Perichondrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deep fascia in the muscular system?

Covers skeletal muscles and anchors tendons Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid do meninges contain, and what is its significance?

Cerebrospinal fluid; protects the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the axon in nerve cells?

To carry impulses away from the cell body Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the nervous system?

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What type of glial cell forms the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

To form the myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Chemical neurotransmitters carry the impulse across Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron carries impulses toward the cell body?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of neurons carries impulses from internal organs to the central nervous system?

Visceral neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

Taste sensation and secretion of saliva Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is primarily active during stress?

Sympathetic division Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Vagus nerve have on heart rate?

Decreases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of preganglionic neurons in the ANS?

Relay signals from the CNS to the ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of the Parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Facilitation of digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for the motor function related to speaking?

Hypoglossal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the action of cholinesterase in the ANS?

Inactivates acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hair Follicles

Eyelashes and nasal hair help prevent dust from entering the eyes and nasal cavities
Scalp hair provides insulation from the cold for the head

Nail Follicles

Protect ends of fingers and toes from mechanical injury

Papillary Layer

Contains capillaries that nourish the stratum germinativum

Receptors

Detect changes that are felt as cutaneous senses: touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

Sebaceous Glands

Produce sebum, which prevents drying of the skin and hair and inhibits the growth of bacteria

Ceruminous Glands

Produce cerumen, which prevents drying of the eardrum

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Produce watery sweat that is evaporated by excess body heat to cool the body

Body Cavities and Their Membranes

Pericardial Sac
- Parietal pericardium lines fibrous pericardium
- Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the heart muscle
Abdominal Cavity
- Peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
- Mesentery covers the abdominal organs

Mucous Membranes

Line body tracts that open to the environment: respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
Mucus keeps the living epithelium wet, provides lubrication in the digestive tract, and traps dust and bacteria in the respiratory tract

Connective Tissue Membranes

Superficial Fascia
- Between the skin and muscles
- Adipose tissue stores fat
Periosteum
- Covers each bone
- Contains blood vessels that enter the bone
- Anchors tendons and ligaments
Perichondrium
- Covers cartilage
- Contains capillaries, the only blood supply for cartilage
Synovial
- Lines joint cavities
- Secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move
Deep Fascia
- Covers each skeletal muscle
- Anchors tendons
Meninges
- Cover the brain and spinal cord
- Contain cerebrospinal fluid

Abduction

To move away from the midline

Pronation

To turn the palm down

Supination

To turn the palm up

Dorsiflexion

To elevate the foot

Plantar Flexion

To lower the foot (point the toes)

Rotation

To move a bone around its longitudinal axis

Functions of The Nervous System

Detect changes and feel sensations
Initiate responses to changes
Organize and store information

Nervous System Divisions

Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Nerve Tissue

Neurons
- Axon carries impulses away from the cell body
- Dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body
Specialized Cells
- Schwann Cells in PNS - layers of cell membrane form the myelin sheath to electrically insulate neurons
- Nodes of Ranvier - spaces between adjacent Schwann cells
- Nuclei and Cytoplasm of Schwann cells form the neurolemma, which is essential for regeneration of damaged axons or dendrites
- Oligodendrocytes in CNS form the myelin sheaths
- Microglia phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells
- Astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier
Synapse - the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron
Neurotransmitter carries the impulse across a synapse and is then destroyed by a chemical inactivator

Types of Neurons

Sensory - carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
- Somatic (from skin, skeletal muscles, joints)
- Visceral (from internal organs)
Motor - carry impulses from CNS to effectors

Cranial Nerves

Olfactory
- Sense of smell
Optic
- Sense of sight
Oculomotor
- Movement of the eyes
Trochlear
- Movement of the eyes
Trigeminal
- Sensory for the face; chewing
Abducens
- Movement of the eyes
Facial
- Sensory for taste; facial expressions
Auditory
- Sense of hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal
- Sense of taste; sensory for cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva
Vagus
- Sensory in cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes; sensory and motor to larynx (speaking); decreases heart rate; contraction of alimentary tube (peristalsis); increases digestive secretions
Accessory
- Contraction of neck and shoulder muscles; motor to larynx (speaking)
Hypoglossal
- Movement of the tongue

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Consists of motor neurons to visceral effectors: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
2 Divisions
- Sympathetic
  - Dominates during stress situations
  - Responses prepare the body to meet physical demands
- Parasympathetic
  - Dominates in relaxed situations to permit normal functioning
2 Neurons in ANS Pathway
- Preganglionic Neurons - from the CNS to the ganglia
- Postganglionic Neurons - from the ganglia to the effectors
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine is released by all preganglionic neurons and by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; the inactivator is cholinesterase
- Norepinephrine is released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons; the inactivator is COMT or MAO

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and function of human skin and its appendages, including hair follicles, nail follicles, and glands. This quiz covers important concepts such as skin receptors, body cavities, and their membranes.