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Neuroglia conduct electrical signals just like neurons.
False
The longest axon in humans is approximately 1 meter long.
True
Oligodendrocytes are the type of neuroglia found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
False
Connective tissue is characterized by its cells being tightly packed with minimal extracellular matrix.
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Osteoblasts secrete calcite and, after becoming trapped, they differentiate into osteocytes.
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Water is exclusively absorbed into blood and not regulated by the kidneys.
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The diaphragm's contraction and relaxation are essential for driving gas exchange in the lungs.
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An excess amount of water is retained by the kidneys.
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Oxygen is critical for the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which produces ATP.
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Every heartbeat pumps approximately 140 ml of blood throughout the body.
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Skeletal muscles are connected to the diaphragm to aid in breathing.
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All cells in the body require glucose in order to utilize oxygen effectively.
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Carbon dioxide and other waste products are produced primarily during the process of oxygen uptake.
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Each red blood cell can transport oxygen but does not play a role in nutrient transport.
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The kidneys have no role in regulating the water balance within the bloodstream.
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Humans have 206 bones, and each individual has 24 ribs.
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Osteoblasts are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue.
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Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist who published his findings about the human skeleton in 1543.
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Mature bones contain two types of cells that are involved in bone remodeling.
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The skeletal system supports the weight of the body and absorbs shock from muscle contraction.
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Osteocytes are immature bone cells that create new bone tissue.
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The human skeletal system consists of eleven main systems.
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Hydroxyapatite is a mineral found in the calcified matrix of bones.
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Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs.
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Oxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs before being sent to the rest of the body.
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The heart pumps blood out to the body approximately 72 times per minute.
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Hormones distributed through the blood reach their targets faster than nerve impulses.
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The endocrine system integrates primarily with the digestive system.
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Adrenaline has the effect of decreasing heart rate and increasing blood flow to the skin.
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Melatonin is a hormone that helps regulate biorhythms.
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The circulatory system is solely responsible for the transportation of oxygen in the body.
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Blood flows back to the heart after delivering oxygen to the body's tissues.
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Deoxygenated blood carries a high concentration of oxygen.
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Osteocytes are terminally differentiated osteoclasts surrounded by calcified matrix.
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Chondrocytes divide and enlarge in response to growth hormones only during adulthood.
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Bones increasingly weaken after the age of 30 due to the deposition rate being higher than the resorption rate.
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Osteoclasts aid in bone formation by secreting enzymes that build osteoid.
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The lack of growth hormone results in a condition known as achondroplasia, which is a form of dwarfism.
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Bone marrow is primarily responsible for producing white blood cells and red blood cells.
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In adults, growth hormone treatment can effectively elongate bones.
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Osteoblasts are responsible for the breakdown of hydroxyapatite during bone remodeling.
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The skeletal system is composed of four main cell types, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes.
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Skeletal muscles are responsible for moving the skeleton, with no exceptions.
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Study Notes
Systems
- The human body has 206 bones.
- The skeletal system provides support for the body and withstands forces of contracting muscles.
- Mature bones consist of three cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
- Osteoblasts make bones for the lifetime of the organism (deposition).
- Osteocytes are terminally differentiated osteoblasts.
- Osteoclasts break down bone.
- Bones can be repaired due to the ability to create and breakdown bone.
- The rate of bone resorption exceeds bone deposition after 30 years of age, leading to weakened bones.
- Long bones grow during childhood due to chondrocytes.
- Chondrocytes are affected by growth hormone (GH).
- A lack of GH leads to achondroplasia (dwarfism).
- Bone marrow contains stem cells that produce red blood cells and cells of the immune system.
Muscular System
- The muscular system consists of three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
- Skeletal muscles move the skeleton.
- Smooth muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs and vessels.
- Cardiac muscle makes up the heart.
Urinary System
- The major function of the urinary system is to filter waste products from the blood and excrete excess water.
- Kidneys regulate the amount of water in the blood.
- To regulate the amount of water in the blood the kidneys use a variety of mechanisms.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system is responsible for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.
- The diaphragm contracts and relaxes, moving the lungs and driving gas exchange.
- The respiratory system is integrated with the circulatory system to ensure oxygen and nutrients reach all cells.
Circulatory System
- The circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body.
- The heart beats approximately 3,000,000,000 times in a lifetime.
- Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen and nutrients to cells.
- The circulatory system is integrated with the endocrine system; hormones can reach any part of the body quickly via blood.
Endocrine System
- The endocrine system produces hormones, which regulate various bodily functions.
- Adrenaline is released in stressful situations causing an increase in heart rate and constricting blood vessels.
- Melatonin regulates biorhythms.
Nervous System
- The nervous system communicates information throughout the body.
- The nervous system acts as a fast messenger, enabling rapid responses to changes in the environment.
- Nerve impulses travel via specialized cells called neurons.
- Neurons contain a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Four Tissue Types
- Epithelial tissue covers the surfaces of the body and lines cavities.
- Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
- Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement.
- Nervous tissue carries signals throughout the body.
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue has a variety of functions, including binding, supporting, protecting, filling spaces, and storing fat.
- Connective tissue cells are spaced apart with a matrix of extracellular proteins and fluid.
- Examples of connective tissue include adipose tissue (fat) and bone.
- Bone consists of osteoblasts and osteocytes which are surrounded by a matrix of calcified material.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of the human skeletal and muscular systems. It includes information about bone types, the role of different cells in bone maintenance, and the classification of muscles. Test your knowledge on how these systems function and their importance to overall health.
