Human Sensation and Eye Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is considered an additional human taste sensation?

  • Sour
  • Sweet
  • Bitter
  • Umami (correct)

What is the primary role of the palpebrae in eye anatomy?

  • To support the eyeball structure
  • To adjust light entering the eye
  • To provide lubrication and protection (correct)
  • To enhance visual acuity

At what age does the number of taste buds begin to decline rapidly?

  • 40
  • 50 (correct)
  • 30
  • 60

Which nerve is responsible for carrying temperature and texture information of food?

<p>Trigeminal nerve V (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the lacrimal caruncle?

<p>Mass of tissue producing eye lubricants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Caucasians can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)?

<p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure helps to keep the eyelids from sticking together?

<p>Tarsal glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of taste and smell combination in food perception?

<p>To experience full flavor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the olfactory organs contains olfactory glands that produce mucus?

<p>Lamina propria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance must odorants do to initiate olfactory reception?

<p>Dissolve in nasal mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of filiform papillae on the tongue?

<p>Providing friction for food movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the first to receive axons from the olfactory epithelium?

<p>Olfactory bulb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory system is unique in that it does not pass through the thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex?

<p>Smell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the olfactory epithelium are responsible for detecting odorants?

<p>Olfactory receptor cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to olfaction?

<p>Regulating emotional responses to smells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in the olfactory epithelium serves as stem cells that replenish the epithelium?

<p>Basal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when light enters the eye and impacts how images are perceived?

<p>Image reversal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of astigmatism?

<p>Distorted visual image (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone has a visual acuity of 20/40, what does it imply?

<p>They require to be closer to objects to see details. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are rods and cones differentiated in their function?

<p>Rods are for dim light and cones are for color vision in bright light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In visual physiology, which type of cones has the highest sensitivity to light?

<p>Red cones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes behavioral optometry?

<p>Eye exercises and lenses to improve vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of rods to cones in the retina?

<p>120:6 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the stimulation of cones is accurate?

<p>Color vision is based on the combination of cone activations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane?

<p>Converts sound energy into vibrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

<p>Eustachian tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of the middle ear?

<p>Cochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the round window play in the ear?

<p>Allows pressure relief from the cochlea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is endolymph produced in the inner ear?

<p>Cochlear duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hair cells in the inner ear?

<p>Detect changes in equilibrium and sound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear is responsible for sensations of equilibrium?

<p>Semicircular canals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by infection in the middle ear?

<p>Otitis media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to rhodopsin after it absorbs a photon of light?

<p>It breaks down into retinal and opsin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the pupillary constrictor reflex have in bright light?

<p>It decreases the amount of light entering the eye. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for visual pigments to fully recover from bleaching in the dark-adapted state?

<p>About 30 minutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the light-adapted state?

<p>Sensitivity to light decreases as bleaching occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optic disc?

<p>The convergence point of axons from ganglion cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the optic nerve fibers cross over at the optic chiasm?

<p>Half of the fibers from each eye. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure links the thalamus to the visual cortex?

<p>Optic radiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which state is the visual system particularly sensitive to low light conditions?

<p>Dark-adapted state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure within the vestibule is responsible for detecting horizontal movement?

<p>Utricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the otoliths in the vestibule shift due to tilting the head?

<p>They bend the hair cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear is primarily involved in maintaining dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Semicircular canals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hair cells located in the ampulla of the semicircular ducts?

<p>Respond to head rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is contained in the scala vestibuli of the cochlea?

<p>Perilymph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vestibular system play in the body?

<p>Maintaining balance and spatial orientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between endolymph and cupula during head rotation?

<p>Endolymph lags behind the cupula. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?

<p>Basilar membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Olfactory Organs

The organs responsible for the sense of smell, located in the nasal cavity.

Olfactory Epithelium

A specialized tissue layer in the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptor cells, among other cell types.

Olfactory Receptor Cells

Specialized nerve cells in the olfactory epithelium that detect odor molecules.

Olfactory Pathways

The neural pathway for smell, starting in the olfactory epithelium and ending in the brain.

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Lingual Papillae

Epithelial projections on the tongue's surface that contain taste buds.

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Filiform Papillae

Lingual papillae that do not contain taste buds and provide friction for food manipulation.

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Gustation

The sense of taste, providing information about foods and liquids.

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Odorants

Chemical substances that trigger the sense of smell.

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Primary Taste Sensations

The four basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.

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Umami Taste

A savory taste sensation, often associated with glutamate.

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Water Taste Receptors

Specialized receptors in the pharynx (throat) that detect water.

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Trigeminal Nerve

The nerve that carries information about food temperature and texture.

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Taste and Smell

Combined to create the full flavor experience.

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Taste Sensitivity

Variability in a person's ability to perceive taste.

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Palpebrae (Eyelids)

Protective structures that cover and lubricate the eye.

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Palpebral Fissure

The gap between the upper and lower eyelids where the eyeball is seen.

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Vitreous Body Image Reversal

The image formed on the retina is upside down and reversed left-to-right, but the brain compensates for this.

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Astigmatism Cause

Astigmatism occurs when light isn't properly focused by the cornea and lens, leading to a distorted image.

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Visual Acuity 20/20

A visual acuity of 20/20 means you see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 20 feet.

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Behavioral Optometry

A type of unconventional optometry that uses eye exercises and lenses to treat visual problems.

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Cones (Vision)

Retinal cells responsible for color vision in bright light. Reds (74%), Greens (16%), Blues (10%).

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Rods (Vision)

Retinal cells perceiving light and dark; used in low light conditions. Do not see color

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Visual Acuity Scale

20/20=Normal, 20/40= reduced vision, 20/15=Superior vision.

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Visual Acuity Definition

How sharply you see; ability to distinguish details.

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Tympanic membrane function

Converts sound waves into vibrations.

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Middle ear ossicles

Tiny bones (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit vibrations from eardrum to inner ear.

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Oval window function

Converts vibrations into waves for cochlea.

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Auditory Tube function

Equalizes pressure between middle ear and outside world.

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Inner ear fluid - Perilymph

Fluid between bony and membranous labyrinths.

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Inner ear fluid - Endolymph

Fluid inside membranous labyrinth (cochlear duct).

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Cochlea function

Contains hair cells and receptors for hearing.

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Hair cells in inner ear

Sensory receptors in vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea; produce signals through bending.

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Bleaching (Vision)

Rhodopsin breaking down into retinal and opsin after absorbing light, causing a lingering visual image.

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Visual Pigment Recovery

The process of retinal reforming to its original shape and rhodopsin reassembling, needing ATP and time.

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Dark-adapted Vision

Visual system's heightened sensitivity after prolonged darkness, when pigments are fully recovered.

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Light-adapted Vision

Decreased sensitivity of the visual system in bright light, as bleaching balances reassembly.

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Optic Disc

The point where axons of ganglion cells converge and exit the eye as the optic nerve.

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Optic Chiasm

The point where optic nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

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Optic Tracts

The pathways from the optic chiasm, carrying visual information to the thalamus.

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Visual Cortex

The brain region ultimately responsible for processing visual information, part of the optic radiation.

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Vestibule Structure

The part of the inner ear containing the saccule and utricle, which are responsible for detecting linear acceleration and head tilting.

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Otoliths Function

Crystals that shift within the vestibular sacs in response to head movement and acceleration, stimulating hair cells.

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Semicircular Canals

Part of the inner ear containing semicircular ducts and helping to detect dynamic equilibrium, rotations, angular acceleration.

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Cristae Ampullaris

A sensory structure located within the ampulla of a semicircular canal housing hair cells that detect head rotation.

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Cochlea Structure

Inner ear structure that contains three ducts (scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct) involved in hearing.

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Scala Vestibuli

One of the three ducts within the cochlea, filled with perilymph and separated from the cochlear duct by the vestibular membrane.

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Scala Tympani

Another of the three ducts in the cochlea, filled with perilymph and separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

Balance and orientation of the body during movement, especially rotational.

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