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Questions and Answers
What is the correct homologous segment of the left lung's superior lingular segment in the right lung?
What is the correct homologous segment of the left lung's superior lingular segment in the right lung?
What type of epithelium lines the vestibular folds?
What type of epithelium lines the vestibular folds?
Which type of epithelium lines the superior concha?
Which type of epithelium lines the superior concha?
Which epithelium type is associated with the true vocal folds?
Which epithelium type is associated with the true vocal folds?
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Which feature is characteristic of olfactory epithelium?
Which feature is characteristic of olfactory epithelium?
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What is the primary function of the vestibular folds?
What is the primary function of the vestibular folds?
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Which bronchopulmonary segment is found in the right lung that corresponds to a segment in the left lung?
Which bronchopulmonary segment is found in the right lung that corresponds to a segment in the left lung?
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Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
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In which part of the inferior mediastinum is the phrenic nerve found?
In which part of the inferior mediastinum is the phrenic nerve found?
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Which arteries are paired visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?
Which arteries are paired visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?
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The left 5th posterior intercostal vein typically drains into which vein?
The left 5th posterior intercostal vein typically drains into which vein?
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What structures are found in the ventricles of the heart?
What structures are found in the ventricles of the heart?
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Where are Purkinje fibers located in relation to the heart's structure?
Where are Purkinje fibers located in relation to the heart's structure?
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What is the main purpose of trabeculae carneae in the heart?
What is the main purpose of trabeculae carneae in the heart?
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The structure containing sparse, peripheral myofibrils and abundant glycogen is known as?
The structure containing sparse, peripheral myofibrils and abundant glycogen is known as?
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Which of the following statements is true about the structure of the heart?
Which of the following statements is true about the structure of the heart?
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At which week of fetal development does surfactant appear in significant amounts in alveolar lung fluid?
At which week of fetal development does surfactant appear in significant amounts in alveolar lung fluid?
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What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media?
What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media?
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Which view of the chest is best for confirming the presence of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Which view of the chest is best for confirming the presence of fluid in the pleural cavity?
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Where are the Purkinje fibers located within the heart?
Where are the Purkinje fibers located within the heart?
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An obliterated retrosternal space on a lateral view most likely involves which cardiac structure?
An obliterated retrosternal space on a lateral view most likely involves which cardiac structure?
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Which membrane plays a role in the formation of part of the diaphragm?
Which membrane plays a role in the formation of part of the diaphragm?
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What is the normal cardiothoracic ratio of an adult in a chest PA view?
What is the normal cardiothoracic ratio of an adult in a chest PA view?
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Which type of alveolar cells is responsible for surfactant synthesis in the fetal lungs?
Which type of alveolar cells is responsible for surfactant synthesis in the fetal lungs?
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At what week of fetal development does surfactant synthesis begin?
At what week of fetal development does surfactant synthesis begin?
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What phase of respiratory development is characterized by the formation of lower conducting airways?
What phase of respiratory development is characterized by the formation of lower conducting airways?
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How does the amount of surfactant in the alveolar lung fluid change from the 28th week to the 34th week?
How does the amount of surfactant in the alveolar lung fluid change from the 28th week to the 34th week?
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What occurs significantly during the 28th week of fetal development in relation to surfactant?
What occurs significantly during the 28th week of fetal development in relation to surfactant?
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The obliteration of the retrocardiac space on a lateral view typically indicates enlargement of which heart chamber?
The obliteration of the retrocardiac space on a lateral view typically indicates enlargement of which heart chamber?
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Which structure separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?
Which structure separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?
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In chest imaging, which ratio indicates a potential cardiomegaly when the ratio exceeds 0.5 in a PA view?
In chest imaging, which ratio indicates a potential cardiomegaly when the ratio exceeds 0.5 in a PA view?
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Which of the following options describes an outcome of anterior pathology?
Which of the following options describes an outcome of anterior pathology?
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What causes the anterior displacement of the spiral septum in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What causes the anterior displacement of the spiral septum in Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Which of the following is true about the transposition of the great arteries?
Which of the following is true about the transposition of the great arteries?
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During which month do the pleuropericardial membranes fuse to form the pericardial cavity?
During which month do the pleuropericardial membranes fuse to form the pericardial cavity?
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What is the primary feature of the canalicular phase of respiratory development?
What is the primary feature of the canalicular phase of respiratory development?
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Which membranes separate the two pleural cavities from the pericardial cavity?
Which membranes separate the two pleural cavities from the pericardial cavity?
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What condition results from the failure of the conotruncal septum to spiral properly?
What condition results from the failure of the conotruncal septum to spiral properly?
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During what phase of respiratory development do the main conducting airways differentiate?
During what phase of respiratory development do the main conducting airways differentiate?
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What are the two main outcomes following the fusion of the pleuropericardial membranes?
What are the two main outcomes following the fusion of the pleuropericardial membranes?
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What is the primary location of the thoracic aorta in the inferior mediastinum?
What is the primary location of the thoracic aorta in the inferior mediastinum?
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Which of the following structures contain abundant muscular fibers that regulate systemic vascular resistance?
Which of the following structures contain abundant muscular fibers that regulate systemic vascular resistance?
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Which type of vessels are characterized by thin, paired folds that project across their lumen?
Which type of vessels are characterized by thin, paired folds that project across their lumen?
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Which type of capillaries have large fenestrae without diaphragms to facilitate exchange between blood and tissue?
Which type of capillaries have large fenestrae without diaphragms to facilitate exchange between blood and tissue?
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What is the anatomical position of the hemiazygos veins?
What is the anatomical position of the hemiazygos veins?
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Which part of the aorta does the thoracic aorta continue from?
Which part of the aorta does the thoracic aorta continue from?
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What type of capillaries are typically characterized by their regular fenestrations?
What type of capillaries are typically characterized by their regular fenestrations?
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Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for controlling blood pressure in the systemic circulation?
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for controlling blood pressure in the systemic circulation?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- Functional Classification: The conducting division goes from the nares to the terminal bronchioles; the respiratory division from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
- Anatomical Classification: Upper respiratory system (nose to larynx) and lower respiratory system (trachea to alveoli)
- Vocal Folds: Lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Vestibular Folds: Lined by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells)
- Superior Conchae: Lined by olfactory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells)
- Trachealis Muscle: Relaxes to facilitate food passage during swallowing.
Heart and Mediastinum
- Superior Phrenic Arteries: Paired parietal branches of the thoracic aorta
- Left/Right Atria: The left ventricle forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart and the right ventricle forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart
- Cardiac Muscle Fibers: Located in the tunica media
- Pectinate Muscles: Found in the atria of the heart
- Left 10th Posterior Intercostal Vein: Drains into the Azygos/ Accessory Hemiazygos vein (based on source)
- Thoracic Aorta: Located in the posterior mediastinum on the left side of T5-T12 vertebrae
CVS Histology
- Tunica Media: Contains abundant muscular fibers that control systemic blood pressure
- Venules: Have thin, paired folds of tunica intima projecting across their lumen
- Fenestrated Capillaries: Have many large fenestrae without diaphragms, aiding in blood/tissue exchange.
Embryology
- Diaphragm Formation: The pleuroperitoneal membranes, cervical somites (3-5), and the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus contribute to diaphragm development.
- Surfactant Synthesis: Occurs in the 20th (canalicular) week of fetal development, with significant amounts present by the 28th (saccular) week.
- Respiratory Development Phases: Pseudoglandular phase: (5th-16th week) lower conducting airways and vascular supply develop Canalicular phase: Alveoli formation begins (17th-25th weeks) Terminal/Saccular phase: Alveolar structure is established (26th-40th weeks)
- Congenital Heart Defects: Transposition of great arteries: Result from failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral Tetralogy of Fallot: Result from anterior displacement of the conotruncal/spiral septum.
Chest Radiology
- Cardiothoracic Ratio: Should be less than 0.5 in a PA view and in adults <0.6 in an AP view. (used to assess if the heart is enlarged)
- Radiolucent/Radiopaque: Radiolucent structures (appear black) allow x-rays to pass through, while radiopaque structures (appear white) block x-rays.
- Anteroposterior(AP)/Posteroanterior(PA) Views: Chosen based on patient's mobility (nonambulatory = AP)
- Lateral Decubitus View: Used to detect pleural fluid. Fluid will collect on the lower side of the chest on the scan.
- Right Ventricle (in Chest X-Ray) The right ventricle is not normally seen in PA chest views, but it is seen in lateral views. It is is immediately posterior to the sternum.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential classifications and functions of the human respiratory and circulatory systems. It includes details about the structures of the respiratory system and the anatomical organization of the heart and mediastinum. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of these vital systems.
