Gametogenesis HARD MCQ

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Questions and Answers

Which component is NOT part of the ovulated complex?

Ovum (secondary oocyte)

Zona pellucida

Corpus luteum (correct)

Corona radiata

What hormonal change occurs in the corpus luteum after ovulation?

Only secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Increase in progesterone and estrogen production (correct)

No hormonal production occurs

Decrease in progesterone and increase in estrogen

What is the significance of Lgr5+ positive stem cells in the ovarian germinative epithelium?

They are associated with malignant ovarian cancer. (correct)

They prevent ovulation from occurring.

They are markers for healthy ovarian function only.

They cause the rupture of the ovarian surface.

What is Mittleschmerz commonly mistaken for?

Menstrual cramps Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if the oocyte is not fertilized?

It becomes the menstrual corpus luteum and ceases hormonal production after 10 days. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of primordial germ cells during early embryonic development?

To migrate and populate the future gonads Signup and view all the answers

Which structure do primordial germ cells migrate through to reach the posterior abdominal wall?

The dorsal mesentery Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes teratomas from other types of germ cell tumors?

Inclusion of tissues derived from all three embryonic layers Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of abnormal migration and maturation of primordial germ cells?

Development of teratomas Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational week do primordial germ cells typically reenter the embryo?

5th to 6th week Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which primordial germ cells migrate?

Dynamic rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and adhesive properties Signup and view all the answers

Where are sacrococcygeal teratomas most commonly found?

At the tailbone of children Signup and view all the answers

How does inhibin produced by Sertoli cells affect FSH secretion?

Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion by reaching the pituitary via the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a recognized cause of male infertility?

Increased levels of testosterone in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ovarian follicle is characterized as having a simple cuboidal layer of granulosa cells?

Growing follicles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding primordial follicles?

All oogonia in primordial follicles enter meiosis I by the 5th month of gestation. Signup and view all the answers

What component facilitates communication between follicular cells and the oocyte?

Zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of involuntary childless couples exhibit detectable male infertility?

30-50% Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a type of ovarian follicle mentioned?

Secondary follicles Signup and view all the answers

Which method does Inhibin use to exert its effects on the body?

Reaching the pituitary gland via the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor linked to altered sperm quality and male infertility?

Obstruction of the genital duct system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in the testis?

They form and support seminiferous tubules. Signup and view all the answers

How does the timing of meiosis in males differ from that in females?

Meiosis in males occurs asynchronously with gradual maturation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do Leydig cells play in the male reproductive system?

They produce testosterone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the formation of the blood-testis barrier?

To prevent autoimmune reactions against developing spermatozoa. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during spermiogenesis?

Structural and functional maturation of sperm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the compartments within the seminiferous tubules?

The basal compartment includes spermatogonia undergoing mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

During which meiotic division do oocytes complete their development?

Only after fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of spermatozoa during maturation in the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis?

Spermatozoa are elongated and have gained motility by the final stage. Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the antigenic properties of spermatocytes?

They become antigenically different from their father. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Factor Motility protein (FMP) play in the maturation of spermatozoa?

It regulates flagellar activity through biochemical changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT necessary for spermatozoa to be functionally mature for fertilization?

Able to undergo acrosomal reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the hypophysis that plays a role in spermatogenesis?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP) in relation to testosterone?

To bind testosterone and facilitate its action in spermatogenesis. Signup and view all the answers

How long do spermatozoa typically remain in the epididymis before storage?

12 days Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the reaction of capacitation in the female genital tract?

The plasma membrane’s glycoproteins are removed. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Leydig cells is true?

They produce testosterone in response to Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Signup and view all the answers

The biochemical maturation of spermatozoa involves which process?

Coating of the plasma membrane with glycoproteins. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the concentration of testosterone higher in the male reproductive system?

In the adluminal part of the seminiferous tubules. Signup and view all the answers

Which is the primary role of ciliary movements in the epididymis?

To facilitate spermatozoa motility acquisition. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Embryology and Development

Periods of development: The human body develops in three trimesters from a medical perspective, and an embryological perspective distinguishes zygote, embryo, and fetus stages (pre-implantation, embryo, and fetus phases).
Development continues after birth: Development is not complete at birth. Examples given include lung maturation that continues into the first years of life.
Dating pregnancy: Fertilisation age is difficult to determine precisely, and pregnancy duration is often calculated from the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP) or the point of fertilisation itself. Normal pregnancy duration is typically 40 weeks.
Estimating due date (EDD): Calculating the EDD based on the LMP is challenging, as it relies on a 28-day average menstrual cycle, and cycles can vary considerably.
Determining EDD: The crown rump length (CRL) measured by ultrasound during the first trimester is helpful for determining the gestational age of a fetus.
Teratogens: Substances able to produce birth defects (physical or biological agents) during specific phases of prenatal development.

Periods of Development

First Trimester: The earliest stages of development, marked by the embryo's rapid growth and organ formation.
Second Trimester: Development continues with continued growth and increasing organisation of the organs.
Third Trimester: Organ systems continue developing, the fetus grows in size as they gain maturity.

Birth Defects

Causes: A range of factors can cause birth defects including genetic abnormalities, environmental exposures (drugs, alcohol, viruses, radiation, chemicals), and multifactorial inheritances.
Unknown causes: Approximately 50-60% of birth defects have no known cause.

Human Embryology

Phases: The phases of human embryology include Gametogenesis, Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Morphogenesis, and Organogenesis.
Developmental Stages: The study covers the phases and developmental stages in creating embryos to birth.
Stages of embryonic development: The initial stages of development, including those that lead to the various body structures through early fetal development.

Gametogenesis

Process: The process of gamete (sperm and egg) formation with four distinct stages: Primordial germ cells (PGC) and migration, Increase in PGC number, Reduction of chromosomal number (meiosis), and Structural and functional maturation.
Different pacing for males and females: Both sexes operate differently in their gamete maturation.
Meiosis in males & females: Meiosis in males is asynchronous with a continuous and ongoing process, whereas females' meiosis is largely synchronous and limited primarily to the reproductive period.
Spermatogenesis: Creation of sperm cells with several distinct stages that lead to fully formed and mature spermatozoa.
Spermiogenesis: The development of immature sperm cells (round spermatids) into mature spermatozoa with a different structure.

Important concepts

Blood-testis barrier: This barrier physically isolates the developing sperm cells from the male's immune system to prevent rejection.
Sertoli cells: Supporting cells within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They play crucial roles in maintaining spermatogenesis and providing the necessary environment.

Maturation of spermatozoa

Maturation site: Capacitation is the process of sperm maturation which occurs, in part, within the female reproductive tract.
Biochemical changes: The biochemical changes within the sperm membrane facilitate fertilisation.
Function of spermatozoa: The spermatozoa's ultimate function is the fertilisation of the female egg (ovum).

Oogenesis

Oocyte maturation: A series of follicular stages culminating in the mature follicle where the ovum (egg cell) is released.
Follicular cells: Essential somatic cells that support the oocyte through various stages of development within the ovaries.
Hormonal Regulation: FSH and LH stimulate the formation of an oocyte and associated follicles within the ovaries.
Phases: Oogenesis has phases including follicle development, maturation, and ovulation.

Ovulation

Ovulated complex: The ovulated complex (oocyte, zona pellucida, and corona radiata) is what is released from the follicle.
Mechanisms: An inflammatory event facilitates the release of the ovulated complex, allowing it to move to the uterine tube via fimbriae.

Embryogenesis

Egg capture and transport: The ovulated complex is captured by the fimbriae of the fallopian tube and slowly transported to the uterus.
Sperm transport: Sperm travels through the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes to reach the oocyte.
Capacitation: Sperm maturation and changes that enable fertilization readiness.
Chemotaxis: Sperm are guided to the egg by chemoattractants from the oocyte.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human reproductive biology with questions about ovulation, primordial germ cells, and teratomas. This quiz covers important concepts and mechanisms related to reproductive health and development.