Human Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the provided information?

Detailed analysis of all blood components.

A broad discussion of all blood disorders.

An overview of immunology and immune cell types.

Specific information relating to red blood cells. (correct)

Which academic discipline is most directly related to the content?

Haematology (correct)

Cardiology

Neurology

Oncology

What type of professional expertise is indicated by the title 'Assoc.Prof.Dr.'?

A laboratory technician

A senior specialist in their field (correct)

A research assistant

A junior lecturer

If this were a lecture, what would most likely be the following topic?

The role of red blood cells in disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what type of academic setting would this content be found?

A specialized medical course (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood volume is typically made up by plasma?

Approximately 55% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function associated with blood, as described in the text?

Osmolarity control (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a person has a body weight of 70kg, what would be the approximate total blood volume, based on the information contained in this document?

5.6 litres (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of protein that is found in blood plasma?

7% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of blood plasma?

7.35 - 7.45 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Binding and transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the production of red blood cells (RBCs) is CORRECT?

RBC production requires the presence of hormones, such as erythropoietin, and vitamins like B12 and folate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule bind?

4 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do red blood cells lack mitochondria?

Red blood cells derive their energy primarily from anaerobic metabolism. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can directly influence the production of red blood cells?

The levels of certain hormones, such as erythropoietin, in the blood. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the liver in the context of blood function?

To filter waste products for excretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the term 'homeostasis' as it relates to the blood?

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a total blood volume of approximately 5 liters, what percentage of this volume is typically composed of cells?

8% (C) Signup and view all the answers

If the body’s internal environment is disturbed, what term describes the action/mechanisms that restore balance?

Homeostatic (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of white blood cells (WBC) as indicated in the content?

Providing immunity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Based on its description, what type of tissue is blood?

Special connective tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

Besides temperature, what other homeostatic regulation function is explicitly mentioned in the content?

Maintaining pH (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of blood described in the content, besides it being a special connective tissue?

Viscous (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood regarding nutrients and oxygen?

To supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume?

Hematocrit (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT explicitly identified as a formed element found in blood?

Plasma Proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

Besides supplying nutrients and oxygen, what other primary function does blood have?

Homeostatic regulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, which of the following is true regarding the hematocrit?

Normal hematocrit percentage is higher in males than females (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of blood is indicated by the term 'polarity' in the listed information?

A blood quality that influences its ability to transport substances. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text indicate about blood as a type of body tissue?

It is a type of connective tissue. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the discussed blood's homeostatic function?

To maintain a stable internal environment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?

Osmotic pressure and carrier function (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do erythrocytes contribute to the regulation of the body's pH?

Through the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate ions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between erythrocytes and platelets?

Platelets and erythrocytes are both formed elements of blood, but they have distinct functions. Platelets are responsible for clot formation, while erythrocytes transport oxygen. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a low red blood cell count (anemia). Which of the following may be a contributing factor to this condition?

Deficiency in iron or vitamin B12. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of globulins in plasma?

Globulins are involved in immune responses and act as carriers for certain substances. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

Approximately 120 days (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of erythrocytes?

Active division and proliferation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Haematology & Immunity - RBCs

Haematology and Immunity is a course covering Red Blood Cells (RBCs).
The course is taught by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hassaan A. Rathore, PhD.
The course code is HSF-II / MEDI103.
The institution is Qatar University, College of Pharmacy.
The course covers blood composition, function, characteristics, and RBC formation.

Course Outline

Week 1 (January 19-23): Blood composition and function, blood components' characteristics, blood volume, plasma functions, formed elements (erythrocytes, leucocytes).
No Lab: No lab activities during Week 1.
Week 2 (January 26-30): Hemostasis (vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation cascade, clot retraction, fibrinolysis), factors limiting clot growth, blood disorders, blood groups, transfusion reactions.
No Lab: No lab activities during Week 2.

Learning Outcomes

Describe blood composition and circulating blood volume.
Explain plasma composition and function.
Describe RBC physical characteristics.
Describe RBC function and formation (erythropoiesis).
Relate blood homeostasis to RBC disorders.

Blood Composition

Blood is a "special connective tissue" that's viscous.
Blood is approximately 8% of body weight (4.5-6 liters).
Blood is composed of cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and plasma.
Male hematocrit (RBC percentage): 42%-52%
Female hematocrit (RBC percentage): 37%-47%

Plasma Composition

Plasma (55% of blood): Mostly water (91.5%).
Plasma contains proteins (7%), inorganic ions (1.5%), organic substances (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, lipids), and hormones.

Plasma Proteins

Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, involved in carrying substances.
Globulin: Plays a role in immunity; carries substances.
Fibrinogen: Involved in blood clotting.

Formed Elements - Differentiation

Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) originate from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow.
RBCs (erythrocytes) are formed through erythropoiesis.

RBC Functions

Transport oxygen from lungs to the body's tissues (hemoglobin).
Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs (carbonic anhydrase).

RBC Characteristics

Thin biconcave discs (diameter ~8 µm).
No nucleus in mature RBCs; this allows for maximum hemoglobin space for oxygen transport.
Volume: ~90 fL.
Life span: ~120 days.
Lack RNA, ribosomes, mitochondria. Produce ATP anaerobically.
Normal concentration: Male 5 million /µL, Female 4.7 million /µL (RBCs / mm³ ± 5,000,000).

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Each RBC contains ~280 million Hb molecules.
Hb can bind four oxygen molecules.
Hb molecule structure: Heme group, iron, alpha and beta chains.

Erythropoiesis

The process of RBC production.
Stem cells (hemocytoblasts) → Proerythroblast → Basophilic erythroblast → Polychromatophil erythroblast → Normoblast → Reticulocyte → Mature RBC.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone crucial for erythropoiesis.

RBC Homeostasis

Stimulus: low oxygen.
Kidney (and liver) detect low oxygen.
Kidney releases EPO & Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates bone marrow. This increases RBC production.
Enhanced erythropoiesis = increased RBC count; oxygen-carrying ability of blood increases.

RBC Destruction

Old RBCs become fragile and are destroyed (mostly in spleen).
Components are recycled: hemoglobin → heme → iron & globin.

RBC Disorders (Anemia)

General definition: Reduction in RBC count or Hb concentration, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
Types:
- Blood loss anemia
- Aplastic anemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Haemolytic anemia (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia).

Physiologic Effects of Anemia

Cardiac output changes due to blood viscosity.
Hypoxia worsens during physical exertion.
Potential for cardiac failure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human blood physiology and its functions. This quiz covers key concepts such as blood plasma composition, hemoglobin's role, and red blood cell production. Ideal for students in physiology or medical-related courses.