Gas Transport in Blood Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential health risk associated with the injection of synthetic EPO?

  • Decreased oxygen consumption
  • Decreased hemoglobin levels
  • Lower red blood cell production
  • Increased blood viscosity (correct)

    • How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin’s ability to bind with oxygen?

  • Decreases oxygen binding capacity (correct)
  • Increases the right shift of the dissociation curve
  • Increases oxygen binding capacity
  • Has no effect on oxygen binding

    • Which process leads to the natural increase of EPO levels in the body?

  • Decreased oxygen demand
  • Increased exercise intensity
  • Carbon dioxide exposure
  • Acclimatization to living at high altitude (correct)

    • What is the primary method for transporting carbon dioxide in the blood?

    <p>Bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lungs, what mechanism drives CO2 diffusion into the alveoli?

    <p>Dissolved CO2 concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the kidney play in regulating blood bicarbonate levels?

    <p>It regulates bicarbonate levels through excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of oxygen transport in blood?

    <p>Bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas primarily diffuses into the blood from the alveoli?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

    <p>Blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in pH have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

    <p>Decreases affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is described as which type of shape?

    <p>S-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical scenario would likely affect the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?

    <p>Presence of hemoglobin variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily facilitates the movement of air into the respiratory zone?

    <p>Bulk flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does carbon dioxide use to diffuse from blood to alveoli?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported dissolved in plasma?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of adult hemoglobin (Hb)?

    <p>2 α and 2 β globin chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes hemoglobin when it is not combined with oxygen?

    <p>Reduced hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily determines the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?

    <p>PO2 (Oxygen pressure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the formation of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) when blood PO2 increases?

    <p>Increase in HbO2 formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind at maximum?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as carbaminohemoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of each heme group in hemoglobin?

    <p>Iron in the ferrous (Fe2+) form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When hemoglobin is fully saturated, what happens to the heme portions?

    <p>All heme groups bind oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solubility of oxygen in plasma described as?

    <p>Very low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor determines the percentage of hemoglobin saturation?

    <p>Blood oxygen partial pressure (PO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the percentage saturation of hemoglobin when blood PO2 decreases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport compared to dissolved oxygen in blood?

    <p>It increases transport by approximately 50X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic shape does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve have?

    <p>Sigmoidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is hemoglobin approximately 50% saturated?

    <p>40 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the lungs regarding hemoglobin's interaction with oxygen?

    <p>Hemoglobin binds oxygen efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in the range of 0-40 mm Hg?

    <p>Saturation increases sharply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions might cause a reduction in alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2)?

    <p>High altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin saturation from 60 to 100 mm Hg of oxygen PO2?

    <p>Saturation levels off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of hemoglobin's positive cooperative binding action?

    <p>Enhances oxygen loading and unloading efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in 2,3-DPG have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

    <p>Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?

    <p>Facilitates oxygen transfer from mother to fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition causes the Bohr shift?

    <p>Decreased pH and increased CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excess levels of methemoglobin?

    <p>Inability to bind oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a decrease in temperature affect hemoglobin's oxygen binding?

    <p>Increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin's oxygen saturation when there is increased metabolic activity?

    <p>Oxygen saturation decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemoglobin is characterized by a lower affinity for oxygen compared to normal hemoglobin?

    <p>Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with chronic hypoxia in relation to 2,3-DPG levels?

    <p>Increased 2,3-DPG levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood doping aims to temporarily increase which of the following?

    <p>Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a decrease in pH affect hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen?

    <p>Enhances oxygen release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gas Transport in Blood

    • Oxygen is transported in blood bound to hemoglobin (Hb) and dissolved in plasma.
    • Hemoglobin is a protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains called globins, each with a heme group containing a ferrous iron atom.
    • Each Hb molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules.
    • Oxygen binding to Hb is reversible.
    • When Hb is not combined with O2, it is referred to as reduced Hb or deoxyhemoglobin.
    • When Hb is combined with O2, it is referred to as oxyhemoglobin.
    • Carbon dioxide can also bind to Hb, forming carbaminohemoglobin.
    • Hb saturation is the percentage of Hb that is bound to O2.
    • PO2 is the primary factor determining % Hb saturation.
    • An increase in PO2 will increase Hb-O2 formation and increase % saturation.
    • A decrease in PO2 will cause O2 to be released from Hb as HbO2 dissociates, decreasing % saturation.
    • The O2-Hb dissociation curve describes the relationship between Hb saturation and PO2 and has a sigmoidal shape.
    • The P50 is the PO2 at which Hb is 50% saturated.
    • The sigmoidal shape of the dissociation curve reflects the cooperative binding of oxygen to Hb.
    • Factors that increase Hb affinity for O2 (left shift):
      • Increased pH/decreased CO2
      • Decreased temperature
      • Decreased 2,3-DPG
    • Factors that decrease Hb affinity for O2 (right shift):
      • Decreased pH/increased CO2
      • Increased temperature
      • Increased 2,3-DPG
    • Methemoglobin:
      • Contains iron in the ferric (Fe3+) state.
      • Does not bind O2.
      • Can be caused by chemicals or genetic deficiencies.
    • Fetal Hb (HbF):
      • Greater affinity for O2 than adult Hb.
      • Facilitates O2 transfer from mother to fetus.
    • Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS):
      • Lower O2 affinity than Hb.
      • Causes sickle cell disease.
    • Blood doping is the practice of artificially increasing O2 carrying capacity of blood.
    • Methods include blood transfusions and synthetic EPO injections.
    • Blood doping can lead to increased blood viscosity and cardiovascular complications.
    • Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when CO binds to Hb competitively displacing O2.
    • CO binding to Hb decreases O2 binding and causes a left shift in the dissociation curve.
    • CO2 is transported in blood in three forms:
      • Dissolved CO2 (~5%)
      • CarbaminoHb (~3%)
      • Bicarbonate (HCO3-) (~90%)
    • Bicarbonate is formed by the reaction of CO2 with water, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
    • The chloride shift is the exchange of HCO3- for Cl- across the red blood cell membrane, contributing to CO2 transport.
    • CO2 is exhaled at the lungs, where the chloride shift is reversed and the equilibrium reaction favors CO2 production.
    • The lungs play a role in short-term pH regulation.
    • Hyperventilation decreases PaCO2 and increases pH.
    • Hypoventilation increases PaCO2 and decreases pH.

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    Lecture 21: Gas Transport in the Blood - PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanisms of gas transport in blood, focusing on the roles of hemoglobin and oxygen binding. It explores concepts such as oxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and factors affecting hemoglobin saturation. Understand the O2-Hb dissociation curve and its implications for blood physiology.

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