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What is a potential health risk associated with the injection of synthetic EPO?
What is a potential health risk associated with the injection of synthetic EPO?
How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin’s ability to bind with oxygen?
How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin’s ability to bind with oxygen?
Which process leads to the natural increase of EPO levels in the body?
Which process leads to the natural increase of EPO levels in the body?
What is the primary method for transporting carbon dioxide in the blood?
What is the primary method for transporting carbon dioxide in the blood?
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In the lungs, what mechanism drives CO2 diffusion into the alveoli?
In the lungs, what mechanism drives CO2 diffusion into the alveoli?
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What role does the kidney play in regulating blood bicarbonate levels?
What role does the kidney play in regulating blood bicarbonate levels?
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What is the primary form of oxygen transport in blood?
What is the primary form of oxygen transport in blood?
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Which gas primarily diffuses into the blood from the alveoli?
Which gas primarily diffuses into the blood from the alveoli?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
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What effect does a decrease in pH have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
What effect does a decrease in pH have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is described as which type of shape?
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is described as which type of shape?
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Which clinical scenario would likely affect the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?
Which clinical scenario would likely affect the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?
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Which process primarily facilitates the movement of air into the respiratory zone?
Which process primarily facilitates the movement of air into the respiratory zone?
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What mechanism does carbon dioxide use to diffuse from blood to alveoli?
What mechanism does carbon dioxide use to diffuse from blood to alveoli?
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What percentage of oxygen is transported dissolved in plasma?
What percentage of oxygen is transported dissolved in plasma?
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What is the composition of adult hemoglobin (Hb)?
What is the composition of adult hemoglobin (Hb)?
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Which term describes hemoglobin when it is not combined with oxygen?
Which term describes hemoglobin when it is not combined with oxygen?
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Which factor primarily determines the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?
Which factor primarily determines the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?
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What happens to the formation of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) when blood PO2 increases?
What happens to the formation of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) when blood PO2 increases?
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How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind at maximum?
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind at maximum?
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What is referred to as carbaminohemoglobin?
What is referred to as carbaminohemoglobin?
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What is the structure of each heme group in hemoglobin?
What is the structure of each heme group in hemoglobin?
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When hemoglobin is fully saturated, what happens to the heme portions?
When hemoglobin is fully saturated, what happens to the heme portions?
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What is the solubility of oxygen in plasma described as?
What is the solubility of oxygen in plasma described as?
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What primary factor determines the percentage of hemoglobin saturation?
What primary factor determines the percentage of hemoglobin saturation?
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What happens to the percentage saturation of hemoglobin when blood PO2 decreases?
What happens to the percentage saturation of hemoglobin when blood PO2 decreases?
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How does hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport compared to dissolved oxygen in blood?
How does hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport compared to dissolved oxygen in blood?
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What characteristic shape does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve have?
What characteristic shape does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve have?
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At what partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is hemoglobin approximately 50% saturated?
At what partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is hemoglobin approximately 50% saturated?
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What occurs at the lungs regarding hemoglobin's interaction with oxygen?
What occurs at the lungs regarding hemoglobin's interaction with oxygen?
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What is a key feature of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in the range of 0-40 mm Hg?
What is a key feature of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in the range of 0-40 mm Hg?
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What conditions might cause a reduction in alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2)?
What conditions might cause a reduction in alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2)?
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What happens to hemoglobin saturation from 60 to 100 mm Hg of oxygen PO2?
What happens to hemoglobin saturation from 60 to 100 mm Hg of oxygen PO2?
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What is the primary benefit of hemoglobin's positive cooperative binding action?
What is the primary benefit of hemoglobin's positive cooperative binding action?
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What effect does an increase in 2,3-DPG have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
What effect does an increase in 2,3-DPG have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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Which condition is associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?
Which condition is associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?
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What physiological condition causes the Bohr shift?
What physiological condition causes the Bohr shift?
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What is a potential consequence of excess levels of methemoglobin?
What is a potential consequence of excess levels of methemoglobin?
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How does a decrease in temperature affect hemoglobin's oxygen binding?
How does a decrease in temperature affect hemoglobin's oxygen binding?
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What happens to hemoglobin's oxygen saturation when there is increased metabolic activity?
What happens to hemoglobin's oxygen saturation when there is increased metabolic activity?
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Which type of hemoglobin is characterized by a lower affinity for oxygen compared to normal hemoglobin?
Which type of hemoglobin is characterized by a lower affinity for oxygen compared to normal hemoglobin?
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What condition is associated with chronic hypoxia in relation to 2,3-DPG levels?
What condition is associated with chronic hypoxia in relation to 2,3-DPG levels?
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Blood doping aims to temporarily increase which of the following?
Blood doping aims to temporarily increase which of the following?
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How does a decrease in pH affect hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen?
How does a decrease in pH affect hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen?
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Study Notes
Gas Transport in Blood
- Oxygen is transported in blood bound to hemoglobin (Hb) and dissolved in plasma.
- Hemoglobin is a protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains called globins, each with a heme group containing a ferrous iron atom.
- Each Hb molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules.
- Oxygen binding to Hb is reversible.
- When Hb is not combined with O2, it is referred to as reduced Hb or deoxyhemoglobin.
- When Hb is combined with O2, it is referred to as oxyhemoglobin.
- Carbon dioxide can also bind to Hb, forming carbaminohemoglobin.
- Hb saturation is the percentage of Hb that is bound to O2.
- PO2 is the primary factor determining % Hb saturation.
- An increase in PO2 will increase Hb-O2 formation and increase % saturation.
- A decrease in PO2 will cause O2 to be released from Hb as HbO2 dissociates, decreasing % saturation.
- The O2-Hb dissociation curve describes the relationship between Hb saturation and PO2 and has a sigmoidal shape.
- The P50 is the PO2 at which Hb is 50% saturated.
- The sigmoidal shape of the dissociation curve reflects the cooperative binding of oxygen to Hb.
- Factors that increase Hb affinity for O2 (left shift):
- Increased pH/decreased CO2
- Decreased temperature
- Decreased 2,3-DPG
- Factors that decrease Hb affinity for O2 (right shift):
- Decreased pH/increased CO2
- Increased temperature
- Increased 2,3-DPG
- Methemoglobin:
- Contains iron in the ferric (Fe3+) state.
- Does not bind O2.
- Can be caused by chemicals or genetic deficiencies.
- Fetal Hb (HbF):
- Greater affinity for O2 than adult Hb.
- Facilitates O2 transfer from mother to fetus.
- Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS):
- Lower O2 affinity than Hb.
- Causes sickle cell disease.
- Blood doping is the practice of artificially increasing O2 carrying capacity of blood.
- Methods include blood transfusions and synthetic EPO injections.
- Blood doping can lead to increased blood viscosity and cardiovascular complications.
- Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when CO binds to Hb competitively displacing O2.
- CO binding to Hb decreases O2 binding and causes a left shift in the dissociation curve.
- CO2 is transported in blood in three forms:
- Dissolved CO2 (~5%)
- CarbaminoHb (~3%)
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-) (~90%)
- Bicarbonate is formed by the reaction of CO2 with water, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
- The chloride shift is the exchange of HCO3- for Cl- across the red blood cell membrane, contributing to CO2 transport.
- CO2 is exhaled at the lungs, where the chloride shift is reversed and the equilibrium reaction favors CO2 production.
- The lungs play a role in short-term pH regulation.
- Hyperventilation decreases PaCO2 and increases pH.
- Hypoventilation increases PaCO2 and decreases pH.
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms of gas transport in blood, focusing on the roles of hemoglobin and oxygen binding. It explores concepts such as oxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and factors affecting hemoglobin saturation. Understand the O2-Hb dissociation curve and its implications for blood physiology.
