Human Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of lysosomal enzymes in the immune response?

They digest ingested pathogens into antigenic fragments. (correct)

They enhance the polysaccharide capsule of pathogens.

They prevent pathogen entry into phagocytes.

They activate membrane proteins on pathogens.

What triggers the process of phagocytosis in immune cells?

Direct interaction with membrane receptors.

Binding of antibodies to phagocyte receptors. (correct)

Formation of polysaccharide capsules.

Release of lysosomal enzymes.

What is created after a pathogen is ingested by a phagocyte?

Phagosome. (correct)

Polysaccharide capsule.

Antigen-presenting macrophage.

Antibody molecules.

What does the antigen-presenting macrophage do with antigenic fragments?

It displays them on surface receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary function of a phagocyte?

To engulf and digest pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

During phagocytosis, what structure encapsulates the ingested pathogen before digestion?

Phagosome. Signup and view all the answers

What molecules coat encapsulated bacteria, aiding their recognition by phagocytes?

Antibody molecules. Signup and view all the answers

How do lysosomes contribute to the immune response after a pathogen is phagocytized?

They digest the pathogen using oxidants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the polysaccharide capsule surrounding some pathogens?

To prevent digestion by lysosomal enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

It contracts and flattens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the ribcage during breathing?

The ribcage contributes 25-40% of the volume change during inspiration. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the inspiratory volume change is achieved by diaphragm contraction during normal quiet breathing?

60% to 75% Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the thoracic cavity during expiration?

The diaphragm relaxes and thoracic volume decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the pleural cavities?

They contain small amounts of fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of the diaphragm at rest?

It is relaxed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle involved in increasing thoracic volume during normal breathing?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory cycle does thoracic volume decrease?

Expiration Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ribcage during expiration?

It contracts and moves downward. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of breathing is associated with the diaphragm contracting?

Inspiration Signup and view all the answers

What role do the neurons in the pons play in the control of ventilation?

They integrate sensory information and interact with medullary neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the rhythmic pattern of breathing?

A neural network of spontaneously discharging neurons. Signup and view all the answers

How does the limbic system affect breathing?

It can influence breath rate and depth based on emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What function does the brainstem serve in the control of ventilation?

It controls the inspiratory and expiratory muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person holds their breath due to stubbornness?

Their body will eventually reflexively trigger breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Which component helps to coordinate a smooth respiratory rhythm?

The central pattern generator. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily involved in passive expiration?

Internal intercostals Signup and view all the answers

What role do the external intercostals play in normal quiet breathing?

They contract and pull the ribs upward and outward. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are NOT involved in expiration?

External intercostals Signup and view all the answers

During forced expiration, which muscles are recruited to assist with the process?

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the average total lung capacity indicated in the content?

5800 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding lung use during breathing?

You do not use your whole lung when breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles assists primarily during inspiration?

Sternocleidomastoids and scalenes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the action of the diaphragm during normal breathing?

It contracts to create a larger thoracic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the thoracic muscles during breathing?

Increasing abdominal pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscle groups is primarily involved in both passive and active expiration?

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals Signup and view all the answers

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood after entering at the alveolar-capillary interface?

Bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the alveolar-capillary interface during pulmonary gas exchange?

Oxygen enters the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxygen diffusion is true?

Oxygen diffuses into cells from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation in relation to oxygen?

To allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen in systemic circulation?

It is released from hemoglobin and enters tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood primarily carries the oxygen once it has entered the bloodstream?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial point of oxygen entry into the blood during gas exchange?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does oxygen diffuse from the blood into the cells?

Systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence if oxygen transport is impaired in the bloodstream?

Increased carbon dioxide levels in tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in the blood concerning oxygen?

It transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes engulf pathogens by binding to antibodies.
Phagosomes contain ingested pathogens.
Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes and release enzymes and oxidants that digest the pathogen.
Antigen-presenting macrophages display digested antigen fragments on surface receptors.

Breathing

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing thoracic volume.
Ribs move up and out, contributing to the increase in thoracic volume.
During quiet breathing, the diaphragm accounts for 60-75% of the inspiratory volume change.
During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume.

Muscles Involved in Breathing

Normal quiet breathing involves the contraction of the external intercostals and diaphragm.
Muscles involved in expiration are the internal intercostals, scalenes, and abdominal muscles.
Inspiration is active, and expiration is passive during normal quiet breathing.

Lung Capacity

Total lung capacity is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.
The average total lung capacity is 5800 ml.
Not all of your lung capacity is used during normal breathing.

Gas Exchange

Oxygen enters the blood at the alveolar-capillary interface.
Oxygen is transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells.

Breathing Regulation

A neural network in the brainstem controls ventilation.
Respiratory neurons in the medulla control inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
The pons integrates sensory information and interacts with medullary neurons to influence ventilation.
Breathing is a reflex that can be overridden by conscious effort.
The limbic system (emotion) can affect breath rate and depth.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in human physiology, focusing on phagocytosis, the mechanics of breathing, the muscles involved, and lung capacity. Test your understanding of how these systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body.

Human Physiology - exam 4