Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of lysosomal enzymes in the immune response?
What is the role of lysosomal enzymes in the immune response?
- They digest ingested pathogens into antigenic fragments. (correct)
- They enhance the polysaccharide capsule of pathogens.
- They prevent pathogen entry into phagocytes.
- They activate membrane proteins on pathogens.
What triggers the process of phagocytosis in immune cells?
What triggers the process of phagocytosis in immune cells?
- Direct interaction with membrane receptors.
- Binding of antibodies to phagocyte receptors. (correct)
- Formation of polysaccharide capsules.
- Release of lysosomal enzymes.
What is created after a pathogen is ingested by a phagocyte?
What is created after a pathogen is ingested by a phagocyte?
- Phagosome. (correct)
- Polysaccharide capsule.
- Antigen-presenting macrophage.
- Antibody molecules.
What does the antigen-presenting macrophage do with antigenic fragments?
What does the antigen-presenting macrophage do with antigenic fragments?
Which of the following describes the primary function of a phagocyte?
Which of the following describes the primary function of a phagocyte?
During phagocytosis, what structure encapsulates the ingested pathogen before digestion?
During phagocytosis, what structure encapsulates the ingested pathogen before digestion?
What molecules coat encapsulated bacteria, aiding their recognition by phagocytes?
What molecules coat encapsulated bacteria, aiding their recognition by phagocytes?
How do lysosomes contribute to the immune response after a pathogen is phagocytized?
How do lysosomes contribute to the immune response after a pathogen is phagocytized?
What is the primary purpose of the polysaccharide capsule surrounding some pathogens?
What is the primary purpose of the polysaccharide capsule surrounding some pathogens?
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
Which of the following describes the role of the ribcage during breathing?
Which of the following describes the role of the ribcage during breathing?
What percentage of the inspiratory volume change is achieved by diaphragm contraction during normal quiet breathing?
What percentage of the inspiratory volume change is achieved by diaphragm contraction during normal quiet breathing?
What occurs in the thoracic cavity during expiration?
What occurs in the thoracic cavity during expiration?
Which statement accurately describes the pleural cavities?
Which statement accurately describes the pleural cavities?
What is the condition of the diaphragm at rest?
What is the condition of the diaphragm at rest?
What is the primary muscle involved in increasing thoracic volume during normal breathing?
What is the primary muscle involved in increasing thoracic volume during normal breathing?
Which part of the respiratory cycle does thoracic volume decrease?
Which part of the respiratory cycle does thoracic volume decrease?
What happens to the ribcage during expiration?
What happens to the ribcage during expiration?
Which phase of breathing is associated with the diaphragm contracting?
Which phase of breathing is associated with the diaphragm contracting?
What role do the neurons in the pons play in the control of ventilation?
What role do the neurons in the pons play in the control of ventilation?
What is the source of the rhythmic pattern of breathing?
What is the source of the rhythmic pattern of breathing?
How does the limbic system affect breathing?
How does the limbic system affect breathing?
What function does the brainstem serve in the control of ventilation?
What function does the brainstem serve in the control of ventilation?
What happens when a person holds their breath due to stubbornness?
What happens when a person holds their breath due to stubbornness?
Which component helps to coordinate a smooth respiratory rhythm?
Which component helps to coordinate a smooth respiratory rhythm?
Which muscles are primarily involved in passive expiration?
Which muscles are primarily involved in passive expiration?
What role do the external intercostals play in normal quiet breathing?
What role do the external intercostals play in normal quiet breathing?
Which of the following muscles are NOT involved in expiration?
Which of the following muscles are NOT involved in expiration?
During forced expiration, which muscles are recruited to assist with the process?
During forced expiration, which muscles are recruited to assist with the process?
What is the average total lung capacity indicated in the content?
What is the average total lung capacity indicated in the content?
Which of the following statements is true regarding lung use during breathing?
Which of the following statements is true regarding lung use during breathing?
Which group of muscles assists primarily during inspiration?
Which group of muscles assists primarily during inspiration?
Which statement correctly describes the action of the diaphragm during normal breathing?
Which statement correctly describes the action of the diaphragm during normal breathing?
What is NOT a function of the thoracic muscles during breathing?
What is NOT a function of the thoracic muscles during breathing?
Which of the following muscle groups is primarily involved in both passive and active expiration?
Which of the following muscle groups is primarily involved in both passive and active expiration?
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood after entering at the alveolar-capillary interface?
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood after entering at the alveolar-capillary interface?
What occurs at the alveolar-capillary interface during pulmonary gas exchange?
What occurs at the alveolar-capillary interface during pulmonary gas exchange?
Which of the following statements about oxygen diffusion is true?
Which of the following statements about oxygen diffusion is true?
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation in relation to oxygen?
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation in relation to oxygen?
What happens to oxygen in systemic circulation?
What happens to oxygen in systemic circulation?
Which component of blood primarily carries the oxygen once it has entered the bloodstream?
Which component of blood primarily carries the oxygen once it has entered the bloodstream?
What is the initial point of oxygen entry into the blood during gas exchange?
What is the initial point of oxygen entry into the blood during gas exchange?
During which phase does oxygen diffuse from the blood into the cells?
During which phase does oxygen diffuse from the blood into the cells?
What is a consequence if oxygen transport is impaired in the bloodstream?
What is a consequence if oxygen transport is impaired in the bloodstream?
What is the role of hemoglobin in the blood concerning oxygen?
What is the role of hemoglobin in the blood concerning oxygen?
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Study Notes
Phagocytosis
- Phagocytes engulf pathogens by binding to antibodies.
- Phagosomes contain ingested pathogens.
- Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes and release enzymes and oxidants that digest the pathogen.
- Antigen-presenting macrophages display digested antigen fragments on surface receptors.
Breathing
- During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing thoracic volume.
- Ribs move up and out, contributing to the increase in thoracic volume.
- During quiet breathing, the diaphragm accounts for 60-75% of the inspiratory volume change.
- During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume.
Muscles Involved in Breathing
- Normal quiet breathing involves the contraction of the external intercostals and diaphragm.
- Muscles involved in expiration are the internal intercostals, scalenes, and abdominal muscles.
- Inspiration is active, and expiration is passive during normal quiet breathing.
Lung Capacity
- Total lung capacity is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.
- The average total lung capacity is 5800 ml.
- Not all of your lung capacity is used during normal breathing.
Gas Exchange
- Oxygen enters the blood at the alveolar-capillary interface.
- Oxygen is transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells.
Breathing Regulation
- A neural network in the brainstem controls ventilation.
- Respiratory neurons in the medulla control inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
- The pons integrates sensory information and interacts with medullary neurons to influence ventilation.
- Breathing is a reflex that can be overridden by conscious effort.
- The limbic system (emotion) can affect breath rate and depth.
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