Human Physiology Exam 4

Physiology: Chp 24 part A: Immune System Zhenyu Li, MD, Ph.D. Professor Pharmaceutical Science Phone (979) 436-0264 Email: [email protected] Office: Reynolds Building Room 345 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 24 part...

Physiology: Chp 24 part A: Immune System Zhenyu Li, MD, Ph.D. Professor Pharmaceutical Science Phone (979) 436-0264 Email: [email protected] Office: Reynolds Building Room 345 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 24 part A Overview Pathogens of the human body The immune response Anatomy of the immune system Innate immunity: nonspecific responses Acquired immunity: antigen-specific responses Immune response pathways Neuro-endocrine-immune reactions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Immune System: Overview Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from its own defective cells as well as from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens The human immune system consists of – Lymphoid tissues – Immune cells – Chemicals that coordinate and execute responses ↓ antibodies © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Immune System: Overview Key features are specificity and memory Distinguish “self” from “non-self” Three major functions 1. It tries to recognize and remove abnormal “self” cells EX : tumor cells 2. It removes dead or damaged cells RBC 5 million/ul x 5000ml x 1000 /(120 x 24 x 60 x 60) Approximately >2 million erythrocytes are removed from the circulation every second © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Immune System: Overview Three major functions (continued) 3. It protects against disease-causing invaders (pathogens) Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, multicellular parasites (worms) Immunogens trigger immune response (An immunogen is a molecule capable of eliciting an immune response when injected into an animal or human; is any substance that generates B-cell and/or T-cell adaptive immune responses upon exposure to a host organism) Antigens interact with component of the immune response (an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor) All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Immune System: Overview Pathologies of the immune system 1. Incorrect responses, recognizes and attacks healthy self Autoimmune disease (e.g., type 1 diabetes) 2. Overactive responses Allergies 3. Lack of response Immunodeficiency disease – Primary immunodeficiency – Acquired immunodeficiency (e.g., AIDS caused by HIV) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pathogens of the Human Body Burden of parasitic infections on global health Bacteria and viruses are different and require different defense mechanisms © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pathogens of the Human Body Bacteria are cells – Cytoplasmic membrane and DNA is the genetic material – Have their own cell machinery for replication and metabolism – Cell wall and often a capsule that protects against immune cells – Killed or growth inhibited by antibiotics Gram-negative Bacteria Gram-positive Bacteria © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pathogens of the Human Body Viruses are particles – Obligatory intracellular parasites – Contain either DNA or RNA (not both) – Nucleic acid enclosed in a protein capsid – Enveloped viruses enclosed in outer layer made of host membrane and viral/host proteins called an envelope © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Viruses Can Replicate Only Inside Host Cells Viruses are composed of two main components: the viral genome (which can be RNA or DNA) and the virus-coded protein capsid that surrounds the genome. If the virus particle contains only these two elements, it is called a non- enveloped virus. If the virus particle contains an extra lipid bilayer membrane surrounding the protein capsid, it’s called an enveloped virus. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Viruses Can Replicate Only Inside Host Cells Non-enveloped viruses are typically more virulent This is because they usually cause host cell lysis. Some examples of non-enveloped viruses are norovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus. Enveloped viruses are typically less virulent This is because they don’t always cause cell lysis during cell exit, although cell death often follows as a consequence of virus replication. Examples of enveloped viruses include: influenza, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), vaccinia virus, and human coronaviruses. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Viruses Can Replicate Only Inside Host Cells Virus is released – Non-enveloped virus causes host cell to rupture – Enveloped virus particles bud off from surface © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Viruses Can Replicate Only Inside Host Cells Virus invades the host cell by binding cell membrane – Triggers endocytosis of the entire virus particle/nucleic acids (non-enveloped virus) Virus’s nucleic acid takes over – Hide out (e.g., herpes simplex type 1- core sore: varicella-zoster - chicken pox à shingles) https://aboutviruses.weebly.com/virus-reproduction.html © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Virus envelope fuses with host cell membrane (enveloped virus) Virus’s nucleic acid takes over Incorporate DNA into the host DNA (e.g., oncogenic viruses –HPV (human papillomavirus) cervical cancer HIV Virus is released from the host with virus particles surrounded themselves with a layer of host cell membranes and the bud off the surface of the host cell. https://aboutviruses.weebly.com/virus- 14 reproduction.html  The Immune Response Two lines of defense 1. Physical and chemical barriers Skin, mucus, stomach acid 2. Immune response Innate immunity – Broad specificity, recognizes pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) – Fast response Inflammation: red, warm, swollen, pain, cytokine mediated © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Physical and chemical barriers Epithelium The protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes is the body’s first line of defense. Glandular Secretions Salivary glands and the glands in airways secrete mucus and immunoglobulins to trap and disable inhaled or ingested pathogens. Stomach Acidity The low pH of the stomach helps destroy swallowed pathogens. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Immune Response Two lines of defense 1. Physical and chemical barriers Skin, mucus, stomach acid 2. Immune response Innate immunity Broad specificity, recognizes pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) Fast response Inflammation: red, warm, swollen, pain, cytokine mediated © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Immune Response 2. Immune response (continued) Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) – Specific immune response – Slow first response takes days – Memory – Cell mediated verses humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity Innate and acquired immunity overlap © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Immune Response Four basic steps 1. Detect and identify the foreign substance 2. Communicate with other immune cells 3. Recruit assistance and coordination of the response 4. Destroy or suppress the invader © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Lymphoid Tissues Are Everywhere Primary lymphoid tissues (immune cells form and mature here) – Thymus gland – Bone marrow © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Lymphoid Tissues Are Everywhere Secondary lymphoid tissues (active and mature immune cells) – Encapsulated lymphoid tissues Spleen Lymph nodes – Diffuse lymphoid tissues Tonsils Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) Clusters of lymphoid tissues Positioned wherever pathogens most likely to enter © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24.3-3 The Immune System © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24.3-5 The Immune System © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Leukocytes Mediate Immunity White blood cells also called leukocytes Grouped by morphology (granulocytes), phagocytosis (phagocytes), antigen presenting cells (APCs) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24.5 Cells of the immune system © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Leukocytes Mediate Immunity In blood and extravascularly in tissues Basophils: rare, allergic response mediators, release histamine, heparin (anticoagulant), circulating and similar to mast cells (fixed cells) in tissues Eosinophils: parasitic and allergic reactions, rare Neutrophils: most abundant in circulation, phagocytic, short lived, segmented nucleus, release cytokines and inflammatory mediators, also called polys © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Leukocytes Mediate Immunity Monocytes are the precursors of macrophages Effective phagocytes Circulation and fixed in tissues, liver (Kupfer cells), brain (microglia), osteoclasts (bones) Antigen presenting cells Lymphocytes Acquired immune system: B cells and T cells Natural killer cells (NK) Dendritic cells Antigen presenting cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24.6 Phagocytosis Some pathogens bind directly Bacteria with capsules must be coated with antibody before to phagocyte receptors. phagocytes can recognize and ingest them. Membrane receptor Lysosome Nucleus Pathogen Polysaccharide capsule Membrane proteins Phagocyte Phagocyte Pathogen Antibody molecules Encapsulated bacteria are coated with Phagocytosis brings pathogens into immune cells. antibody. Phagosome Lysosome contains enzymes and oxidants. Ingested pathogen Antibodies bind to phagocyte receptors, triggering phagocytosis. Phagosome contains ingested pathogen. Antigen-presenting macrophage displays antigen fragments on surface receptors. Digested antigen Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen, producing antigenic fragments. Antigen-presenting cell (APC) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 17 The Mechanics of Breathing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. started Pip Respiratory System Functions 1. Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood 2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH 3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances 4. Vocalization © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Respiratory System Bulk Flow Flow from regions of higher to lower pressure Muscular pump creates pressure gradients Resistance to flow pipes Breathing Diameter of tubes a creata change © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Respiratory System Components Conducting system, or airways Alveoli (singular: alveolus) are the site of gas - exchange main tchange Bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2a The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower regions. Pharynx upper Upper Vocal cords Nasal cavity respiratory Tongue system Esophagus Larynx - Trachea Lower respiratory system lower Left lung Right lung Diaphragm Right bronchus Left bronchus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2be The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The Bronchi and Alveoli On external view, the right lung is divided Branching of airways creates into three lobes, and the left lung is about 80 million bronchioles. divided into two lobes. Larynx Apex The trachea branches into Trachea Superior two primary lobe bronchi. Superior Left primary lobe Cartilage bronchus ring Middle lobe Blue / very The primary bronchus divides 22 more times, rigid terminating in a cluster Secondary of alveoli. bronchus Inferior Inferior lobe lobe Base Cardiac notch Bronchiole T Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. exchange lexable airways  Moreplexable ↓ Y most your of lungs are made of alvedi Alveoli make up the bulk of the lung tissue © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Connective tissue between the alveolar epithelial cell contains many elastin and collagen fibers that create elastic recoil when lungs tissue is stretched a lot of elastin in the lungs elastin (rubberband) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2g-h The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The Bronchi and Alveoli Alveolar structure Capillary I cell Elastic fibers Exchange surface of alveoli thick Alveolar Nucleus of epithelium endothelial cell RBC & Type I alveolar cell for gas -exchange Capillary Endothelium Plasma Endothelial cell of capillary 0.1- I well 1.5 Did Icel Type II alveolar μm - cell (surfactant -- cell) synthesizes Alveolar surfactant. air space Alveolus Surfactant Fused Limited basement interstitial membranes fluid & Alveolar Blue arrow represents gas exchange macrophage between alveolar air space and the plasma. ingests foreign material. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.11 Law of LaPlace Surfactant Decreases the Work of Breathing More concentrated in smaller alveoli Mixture containing proteins and phospholipids Regular Surface tension doesn't change Note: Premature babies Inadequate surfactant concentrations Treatment with aerosol artificial surfactant © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Air is Conditioned Warming air to body temperature – Under normal circumstances, by the time air reaches the trachea, it has been conditioned to 100% humidity and 37C. Adding water vapor until the air reached 100% humidity, so that the moist exchange epithelium does not dry out Filtering out foreign material –virus, bacteria, and inorganic particles do not reach the alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5a Airway epithelium Millia Once the mucus reaches the pharynx, brings up it can be spit out or swallowed Ot © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5b Airway epithelium once it's damaged you can't ↑ get it back keeps the mucus 3 Cilia beat wet if itdry up the cilia diesoff getmen dis mucus contains Stack + immunoglobulins Cilia dies © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5c Airway epithelium Slide 1 One model of saline secretion by airway epithelial cells Saline layer Na H2O in lumen Cl NKCC brings Cl into epithelial cell from ECF. Anion Respiratory channel epithelial Apical anion channels, cells including CFTR, allow Cl to enter the lumen. Na goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient. K ATP NaCl movement from ECF to Na Na Na 2Cl K lumen creates a concentration K H2O gradient so water follows into ECF the lumen. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5c Airway epithelium Slide 2 One model of saline secretion by airway epithelial cells Saline layer in lumen NKCC brings Cl into epithelial cell from ECF. Respiratory epithelial cells K ATP Na Na 2Cl K K ECF © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5c Airway epithelium Slide 3 One model of saline secretion by airway epithelial cells Saline layer in lumen a Ocomes Cl NKCC brings Cl into epithelial cell from ECF. Anion Respiratory channel epithelial Apical anion channels, cells including CFTR, allow Cl to enter the lumen. K & CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator has to ATP come Na Na 2Cl K K across ECF © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5c Airway epithelium Slide 4 One model of saline secretion by airway epithelial cells Saline layer Na in lumen Cl NKCC brings Cl into epithelial cell from ECF. Anion Respiratory channel epithelial Apical anion channels, cells including CFTR, allow Cl to enter the lumen. Na goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient. K ATP Na Na Na 2Cl K K ECF © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5c Airway epithelium any time you move Not Slide 5 water follows in lumen ↳ One model of saline secretion by airway epithelial cells Saline layer Na H2O Cl NKCC brings Cl into epithelial cell from ECF. Anion Respiratory channel epithelial Apical anion channels, cells including CFTR, allow Cl to enter the lumen. Na goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient. K ATP NaCl movement from ECF to Na Na Na 2Cl K lumen creates a concentration K H2O gradient so water follows into ECF the lumen. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2d The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity Sectional view of chest. Each lung is enclosed in two pleural membranes. The esophagus and aorta pass through the thorax between the pleural sacs. Pleural Fluid Superior view 1. Moist and slippery that Esophagus Aorta Pleural membranes helps membranes slide across one another 2. It holds the lungs tight against the thoracic Right lung Left lung wall How many Heart muscles are linked to the lungs ? Right pleural Pericardial Left pleural Zero cavity* cavity* cavity* *Note: The pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities are filled with small amounts of fluid. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.8a Movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing At rest: Diaphragm is relaxed. Pleural space Diaphragm © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.8b Movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing Inspiration: Thoracic volume increases. Movement of the rib cage creates 25-40% of the volume change most of the 1.5 CM done by the breathing is Diaphragm contracts and flattens. diaphragm Contraction of the diaphragm causes between 60% and 75% of the inspiratory volume change during normal quiet breathing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.8c Movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.8-1 Movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing Vertebrae Sternum Rib Deep muscle breathing a your rid pulling , Side view: Inun “Pump handle” motion increases anterior-posterior dimension of rib cage. Movement of the handle on a hand pump is analogous to the lifting of the sternum and ribs. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.8-2 Movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing Vertebrae Rib Sternum Front view: “Bucket handle” motion increases lateral dimension of rib cage. The bucket handle moving up and out is a good model for lateral rib movement during inspiration. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.10a Subatmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity helps keep the lungs inflated In the normal lung at rest, pleural fluid keeps the lung adhered to the chest wall. Ribs Ribs P   3 mm Hg Intrapleural ful pressure is subatmospheric. Pleural fluid Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Diaphragm Elastic recoil of the Elastic recoil of lung chest wall tries to pull creates an inward pull. the chest wall outward. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.10b Subatmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity helps keep the lungs inflated Pneumothorax. If the sealed pleural cavity is opened to the atmosphere, air flows in. The bond holding the lung to the chest wall is broken, and the lung collapses, creating a pneumothorax (air in the thorax). P  Patm Knife Lung collapses to unstretched size. Pleural membranes The rib cage If the sealed pleural cavity is opened expands slightly. to the atmosphere, air flows in. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2c The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity The Lungs and Thoracic Cavity Passive vs active expiration Muscles of the thorax, neck, and abdomen create the force to move air during breathing. Sternocleido- Normal quiet mastoids What muscles do you breathing - Scalenes use for expiration? Scalenes and external intercostals contract and pull the ribs upward and out Internal External intercostals intercostals Diaphragm Abdominal muscles Muscles Muscles of inspiration of expiration © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7b Pulmonary function tests - Doubas &leath &inungam a You do not Da use your whole lung when breathing & - Total Y use : = 5800 Average size © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 5  Lung Volumes and Air Flow Tidal volume (VT): volume that moves during a simple inspiration/expiration Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) additional volume above tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration Residual volume (RV)volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation Vital capacity (VC) = IRV + ERV + VT Total lung capacity (TLC) = IRV + ERV + VT © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 18 Part A Clip 2 Mechanics of Breathing & Gas Exchange and Transport © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chp 18 About This Chapter Gas exchange in lungs and tissues Gas transport in the blood Regulation of ventilation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1 External respiration © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 2 O2 Airways Airaevel Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 2 O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Slide 3 Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Oxygen is trans- ported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs. Systemic circulation Cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Slide 4 Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Oxygen is trans- ported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs. Systemic circulation O2 Oxygen diffuses into cells. O2 Cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 5 O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Oxygen is trans- ported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs. Systemic circulation O2 Oxygen diffuses into cells. CO2 O2 Cells Cellular respiration ATP determines Nutrients metabolic CO2 production. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 6 O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Oxygen is trans- ported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs. Systemic circulation O2 CO2 diffuses Oxygen diffuses out of cells. into cells. CO2 O2 Cells Cellular respiration ATP determines Nutrients metabolic CO2 production. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 7 End cip z O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs O2 Oxygen enters the blood at alveolar- O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Oxygen is trans- ported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside CO2 is trans- RBCs. ported dissolved, bound to hemoglobin, or as HCO3. Systemic circulation CO2 O2 CO2 diffuses Oxygen diffuses out of cells. into cells. CO2 O2 Cells Cellular respiration ATP determines Nutrients metabolic CO2 production. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Pulmonary gas exchange and transport Slide 8 CO2 O2 Airways Alveoli of lungs CO2 O2 CO2 enters alveoli Oxygen enters the at alveolar-capillary blood at alveolar- interface. CO2 O2 capillary interface. Pulmonary circulation Oxygen is trans- ported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside CO2 is trans- RBCs. ported dissolved, bound to hemoglobin, or as HCO3. Systemic circulation CO2 O2 CO2 diffuses Oxygen diffuses out of cells. into cells. CO2 O2 Cells Cellular respiration ATP determines Nutrients metabolic CO2 production. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Carbon Dioxide Transport Dissolved: 7% Converted to bicarbonate ion: 70% Carbonic anhydrase (CA) and chloride shift Bound to hemoglobin: 23% – Hb and CO2: carbaminohemoglobin Hemoglobin also binds H+ © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbon Dioxide Transport Slide 1 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane Transport HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for to lungs Cl (the chloride shift). At the lungs, dissolved CO2 diffuses out of Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2 the plasma. HbCO2 Hb  CO2 By the law of mass action, CO2 unbinds from Cl Alveoli hemoglobin and diffuses out of the RBC. CA HCO3 HCO3 H2CO3 H2O  CO2 in The carbonic acid reaction reverses, pulling plasma HbH H  Hb HCO3 back into the RBC and converting it back to CO2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 2 Gases diffuse down concentration gradients KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase VENOUS BLOOD CO2 Cellular respiration in peripheral tissues Capillary endothelium Cell membrane CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 3 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Cellular respiration in peripheral tissues Capillary endothelium Cell membrane CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 4 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular respiration in peripheral tissues Capillary endothelium Cell membrane CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 5 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration in CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) (carbaminohemoglobin) peripheral Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. Capillary endothelium Cell membrane CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 6 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) in peripheral tissues CA Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to CO2  H2O H2CO3 hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 7 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) in peripheral tissues CA HCO3 Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to CO2  H2O H2CO3 hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 8 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for Cl (the chloride shift). CO2 Alveoli © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 9 Gases diffuse down concentration gradients KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane Transport HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for to lungs Cl (the chloride shift). At the lungs, dissolved CO2 diffuses out of Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2 the plasma. Venous Blood Alveoli Pco2 > 46 mm hg Alveoli Pco2 = 40 mm hg © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 10 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane Transport HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for to lungs Cl (the chloride shift). At the lungs, dissolved CO2 diffuses out of Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2 the plasma. By the law of mass action, CO2 unbinds from (carbaminohemoglobin) HbCO2 Hb  CO2 Alveoli hemoglobin and diffuses out of the RBC. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 11 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane Transport HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for to lungs Cl (the chloride shift). At the lungs, dissolved CO2 diffuses out of Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2 the plasma. HbCO2 Hb  CO2 By the law of mass action, CO2 unbinds from Cl Alveoli hemoglobin and diffuses out of the RBC. HCO3 HCO3 in The carbonic acid reaction reverses, pulling plasma HCO3 back into the RBC and converting it back to CO2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 12 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane Transport HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for to lungs Cl (the chloride shift). At the lungs, dissolved CO2 diffuses out of Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2 the plasma. HbCO2 Hb  CO2 By the law of mass action, CO2 unbinds from Cl Alveoli hemoglobin and diffuses out of the RBC. HCO3 HCO3 H2CO3 in The carbonic acid reaction reverses, pulling plasma HbH H  Hb HCO3 back into the RBC and converting it back to CO2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11 Carbon dioxide transport Slide 13 clip 3 KEY CA  carbonic anhydrase CO2 diffuses out of cells into systemic VENOUS BLOOD capillaries. CO2 Dissolved CO2 (7%) Only 7% of the CO2 remains dissolved in plasma. Cellular Red blood cell respiration CO2  Hb HbCO2 (23%) Cl in peripheral CA HCO3 HCO3 in Nearly a fourth of the CO2 binds to tissues CO2  H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%) hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. H  Hb HbH 70% of the CO2 load is converted to Capillary bicarbonate and H. Hemoglobin buffers H. endothelium Cell membrane Transport HCO3 enters the plasma in exchange for to lungs Cl (the chloride shift). At the lungs, dissolved CO2 diffuses out of Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2 the plasma. HbCO2 Hb  CO2 By the law of mass action, CO2 unbinds from Cl Alveoli hemoglobin and diffuses out of the RBC. CA HCO3 HCO3 H2CO3 H2O  CO2 in The carbonic acid reaction reverses, pulling plasma HbH H  Hb HCO3 back into the RBC and converting it back to CO2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gas Transport in the Blood Hb binds 98% of O2 forming oxyhemoglobin HbO2 Oxygen binding to Hb is cooperative PO2 determines Oxygen-Hb binding © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.5 Oxygen transport Slide 9 ARTERIAL BLOOD O2 dissolved in plasma (~PO2) 2% Red blood cell O2 O2  Hb HbO2 98% Alveolus Alveolar membrane Transport Capillary to cells endothelium Cells O2 dissolved HbO2 Hb  O2 in plasma O2 Used in cellular respiration © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.8 Factors controlling oxygen-hemoglobin binding © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.9a Oxygen-Hemoglobin Binding Curves · I © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation Regulation of Ventilation Ventilation pattern depends in large part on the levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in the arterial blood and extracellular fluid Which one is the primary stimulus for changes in ventilation? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation Ventilation is subject to continuous modulation by chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and by higher brain centers Neurons in the medulla control breathing Dorsal versus ventral respiratory groups © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.14 Neural networks in the brain stem control ventilation PRG -provide tonic input into the medullary networks to help coordinate a smooth Central pattern generator respiratory rhythm Respiratory neurons in the medulla control inspiratory and expiratory muscles Neurons in the pons integrate sensory information and interact with medullary neurons to influence ventilation Rhythmic pattern of breathing arises from a neural network of spontaneously discharging neurons (pacemaker) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation Limbic system (emotion) can affect breath rate and depth, can bypass brain stem. In other words, higher brain center control is not a requirement for ventilation Case: Stubborn Child holds his breath turn blue? pass out? die? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation Limbic system (emotion) can affect breath rater and depth, can bypass brain stem. In other words, higher brain center control is not a requirement for ventilation You can hold your breath voluntarily only until elevated Pco2 in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid activates the chemoreceptor reflex, forcing you to inhale. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 18 part B clip 4 Mechanics of Breathing & Gas Exchange and Transport · Alveoli · pleural · helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing ~ the volume of the thorax increases · decrease · simple diffusion · Poz PH, PCoz , · bicarbonate ions · pharynx > - larynx >trachea - © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Slide 9 Figure 18.5 Oxygen transport based The movement of oxygen is on gradient ARTERIAL BLOOD O2 dissolved in plasma (~PO2) 2% Red blood cell O2 O2  Hb HbO2 98% Alveolus Alveolar membrane Transport Capillary to cells endothelium Cells O2 dissolved HbO2 Hb  O2 in plasma O2 Used in cellular respiration © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.8 Factors controlling oxygen-hemoglobin binding © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.9a Oxygen-Hemoglobin Binding Curves Bluey coming back/ Great set up D all the to your hemoglobin · heart ⑳ ⑳ © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hemoglobin increases oxygen transport Cell require 250 ml O2/min Math 200 ml O2/L X 5 L/min (blood flow) = 1000 ml O2/min (4X more than based on someone about 150lbs required) & 2% :98 % D100 % © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hemoglobin increases oxygen transport # the hemoglobin goes 2% 2 & off or o 98 % are RBC damaged & & 100 % 10- 2% never produce enough oxygen © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  po effects how oxygen binds & to hemoglobin & # igh temp. + CO2 levels effect how well oxugen binds to hemoglobin © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation Regulation of Ventilation Ventilation pattern depends in large part on the levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in the arterial blood and extracellular fluid Which one is the primary stimulus for changes in ventilation? CO2 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation Ventilation is subject to continuous modulation by chemoreceptor- and breathing mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and by higher brain centers T- Neurons in the medulla control breathing Dorsal versus ventral respiratory groups © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.14 Neural networks in the brain stem control ventilation PRG -provide tonic input into the medullary networks to help coordinate a smooth Central pattern generator respiratory rhythm Respiratory neurons in the medulla control inspiratory and expiratory muscles Neurons in the pons integrate sensory information and interact with medullary neurons to influence ventilation Rhythmic pattern of breathing arises from a neural network of spontaneously discharging neurons (pacemaker) Breathing is a reflex © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilation can overide your normal breathing brain your always can eride things Limbic system (emotion) can affect breath rate and depth. Case: Stubborn Child holds his breath turn blue? pass out? then & they will start breathing die? again # is a reflex © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.13 The reflex control of ventilatio