Immunology: Phagocytosis and Natural Killer Cells
40 Questions
3 Views

Immunology: Phagocytosis and Natural Killer Cells

Created by
@SmittenTurquoise2098

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

  • To secrete antibodies against antigens
  • To enhance phagocytic activity of macrophages
  • To directly destroy pathogens
  • To migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues and present antigens to T and B lymphocytes (correct)
  • Which cell marker is specifically associated with Natural Killer (NK) cells?

  • CD16 (correct)
  • CD19
  • CD3
  • CD4
  • How do Natural Killer (NK) cells carry out their effector mechanisms?

  • By enhancing the activity of macrophages
  • By producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens
  • By engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis
  • By releasing perforins and granzymes to induce cell death (correct)
  • What distinguishes NK cells from T and B cells in terms of maturation?

    <p>NK cells do not undergo thymic maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells?

    <p>To determine the activation state of the NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are recognized and killed by NK cells during immune surveillance?

    <p>Virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and graft cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of phagocytosis by macrophages?

    <p>Macrophages degrade engulfed antigens and present their fragments to T and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines, particularly IL-2, in the function of NK cells?

    <p>They promote differentiation into lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phagocytic cells is primarily responsible for preserving useful information from ingested particles for adaptive immunity?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by phagocytic cells?

    <p>Characteristic structures of microbial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface markers are expressed by Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>CD16 and CD56</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is NOT associated with eosinophils?

    <p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly states the outcome of a phagocytic event in neutrophils?

    <p>Neutrophils destroy phagocytosed particles completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components found in the granules of mast cells?

    <p>Histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do macrophages serve apart from phagocytosis?

    <p>Acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT a feature of specific immune response?

    <p>Deficiency in pathogen recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by macrophages that is important for the immune response?

    <p>IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of secondary lymphoid tissues?

    <p>Concentration of foreign particles and interaction with lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity do dendritic cells and macrophages primarily bridge?

    <p>Adaptive and innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissue do B lymphocytes mature into antigen-recognizing cells?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

    <p>Extracellular killing of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is conferred by passing antibodies from a mother to her fetus?

    <p>Naturally acquired passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily involved in the non-specific immune response?

    <p>Phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a common characteristic of T cells?

    <p>They are involved in cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of IFN γ in the immune system?

    <p>Promotes the development of Tc cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Th2 influence the immune response?

    <p>Directs immune response toward production of IgE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding T regulatory cells?

    <p>They secrete immunosuppressive cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells use to kill target cells?

    <p>Degranulation and Fas ligand interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the interaction between Th1 and Th2 cells?

    <p>Th1 inhibits Th2 through IFN-gamma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of IL-10 on T cell subsets?

    <p>Down-regulates Th1 function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to Gamma-delta T cells?

    <p>Recognition of non-peptide antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall goal of the immune system?

    <p>To defend against invading pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary outcomes of B cell stimulation in secondary lymphoid tissue?

    <p>Proliferation into plasma cells and memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types are produced from the maturation of T cells in the thymus?

    <p>Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the T cell receptor (TCR)?

    <p>It consists of two non-identical polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker identifies regulatory T cells among T lymphocyte populations?

    <p>CD25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do CD4 T lymphocytes play in the immune response?

    <p>They assist in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily responsible for promoting T cell proliferation?

    <p>IL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with cytotoxic T cells (CD8)?

    <p>They are responsible for killing virus-infected and cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the function of Th1 and Th2 helper T cells?

    <p>Th1 cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, while Th2 cells stimulate humoral immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phagocytosis

    • Phagocytic cells can be circulating in the blood (neutrophils and monocytes) or residing in tissues (macrophages and dendritic cells)
    • Phagocytic cells use pattern recognition receptors to recognize microbes which are not present on mammalian cells
    • Phagocytic cells recognize features of microbial pathogens called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
    • Neutrophils destroy phagocytosed particles completely
    • Dendritic cells and macrophages preserve information from ingested particles and present it to adaptive immunity

    Natural Killer Cells

    • NK cells are granular lymphocytes that can perform extracellular killing
    • NK cells express two surface markers: CD16 and CD56
    • NK cells kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and graft cells
    • NK cells perform immune surveillance and help resist bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections
    • Activation of NK cells is based on a balance between activating and inhibitory receptors

    Macrophages

    • Macrophages are released from bone marrow as immature monocytes and mature in various tissues
    • Macrophage functions include phagocytosing microbes, antigen presentation, and producing monokines like IL-1.
    • Macrophages are key cells in delayed hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, and tumor immunity.
    • Macrophages help regulate immune response by releasing cytokines

    Intracellular Destruction

    • Engulfed material is digested by lysosomal enzymes, toxic oxygen metabolites, and nitric oxide

    Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • APCs are cells that pick up antigen and interact with T and B lymphocytes
    • APCs include macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
    • Macrophages process and present antigens to T and B cells

    Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

    • NK cells are derived from bone marrow
    • NK cells do not undergo thymic maturation
    • NK cells express CD56, a specific NK marker
    • NK cells have a receptor for the Fc portion of IgG called CD16
    • Cytokines, especially IL-2, promote the differentiation of NK cells into lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells
    • NK cells release cytokines like IFN γ and IL-2

    Eosinophils

    • Play an important role in type I hypersensitivity reaction (in controlling anaphylaxis)
    • Have Fc & complement receptors (C3b)
    • Important in resistance to parasites

    Mast Cells

    • Mast cells reside in tissues, especially under the skin and in the mucosa of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
    • Mast cells contain histamine, heparin, serotonin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
    • Mast cells initiate anaphylaxis on stimulation by antigen and IgE or when activated by C3a, C5a

    Specific Immune Response

    • Specific immune response has four essential characteristics: provides additional protection, specificity, distinguishes self from non-self, and memory

    Acquired Immunity

    • Naturally acquired: passive antibodies from mother to fetus (placenta-milk) and active recovery from infections
    • Artificially acquired: active vaccines and passive immunoglobulins

    Tissues and Cells of Specific Immune Response

    • Central (primary) lymphoid tissues: Thymus (T cell maturation) and Bone marrow (B cell maturation)
    • Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues: Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

    Cells Involved in Immune Response

    • B cells (specific immune response)
    • T cells (specific immune response)
    • Natural killer cells (non-specific immune response)
    • Phagocytic cells (non-specific immune response): monocytes (macrophages) and neutrophils
    • Other cells: eosinophils and mast cells

    B Lymphocytes

    • Constitute 15–20% of circulating lymphocytes
    • Short lifespan (days or weeks)
    • Mature in the bone marrow from stem cells
    • B cell development originates from stem cells in the bone marrow
    • B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells (secrete antibodies) and memory cells (rapid plasma cell proliferation on secondary immune response)

    B Cell Stimulation

    • B cells are stimulated by antigens, which bind to antigen receptors on the B cell surface
    • Stimulation activates B cell proliferation and differentiation

    T Lymphocytes

    • Constitute 65-80% of circulating lymphocytes
    • Mature in the thymus from stem cells
    • T cells acquire CD2, CD4, and CD8 in the thymus cortex
    • T cells acquire CD3 in the thymus medulla
    • T cells differentiate into two main populations: CD2, CD3, CD4 (helper or delayed sensitivity T-lymphocyte (CD4) and CD2, CD3, CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CD8)

    T Lymphocyte Subpopulations

    • CD2, CD3, CD4: Helper
    • CD2, CD3, CD8: Cytotoxic
    • CD2, CD3, CD4, CD 25: Regulatory

    T Cell Receptor

    • T cells have an antigen receptor called the T cell receptor (TCR)
    • TCR consists of two non-identical polypeptide chains (alpha and beta) linked by disulfide bonds

    Other T Cell Markers

    • Receptors for the Fc portion of Ig
    • CD antigens (cluster of differentiation)
    • CD2: sheep red blood cell receptor (SRBC-R)
    • CD3: associated with TCR; important for signal transduction during antigen presentation
    • CD4, CD8: receptors that bind MHC molecules during antigen presentation

    CD4+ T Lymphocytes

    • 65% of T lymphocytes
    • Called T helper (Th) cells
    • Help B cells and macrophages in the induction of humoral immune response
    • Help Tc cells
    • Two types: Th1 and Th2

    Th1 Cells

    • Secrete cytokines including IL-2, IFN γ, and TNF β
    • IL-2 promotes T cell proliferation and activation of B cells and NK cells
    • IFN γ has diverse functions: promotes Tc cell development, induces MHC expression, antiviral effect, activates macrophages and NK cells, increases Fc receptor expression, and regulates cell-mediated immunity

    Th2 Cells

    • Direct immune response toward the production of IgE
    • Secrete cytokines including IL4, IL5, and IL10
    • IL4 enhances class switching to IgE
    • IL10 downregulates Th1 function
    • IL5 mediates eosinophil and mast cell proliferation

    Treg Cells

    • Inhibit T cell proliferation and cytokine production
    • Originally called suppressor T cells
    • Secrete immunosuppressive cytokines like transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and IL-10
    • Suppress Ig production by B cells
    • Prevent atopy by suppressing IgE secretion
    • Prevent autoimmunity by inhibiting self-reacting lymphocyte clones

    CD8+ T cells

    • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
    • Constitute 35% of peripheral T lymphocytes
    • Induced by, and are active against, tumors, viruses, and allogenic grafts
    • Cause lysis of antigen-bearing target cells
    • Mechanisms of killing by CD8+ CTLs: degranulation (granzymes and perforins) and Fas ligand-Fas pathway

    Gamma-delta T Cells

    • These cells are a subset of T cells that express a TCR with gamma and delta chains instead of alpha and beta chains
    • They are thought to be involved in innate immunity and play a role in recognizing stress molecules and mediating inflammatory responses.

    Summary

    • The immune system is a complex system that protects the body from invading pathogens and foreign agents.
    • The immune system involves both innate and adaptive mechanisms, which work together and can be stimulated to release various mediators that defend against foreign invaders.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Immunology Lecture One 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts about phagocytosis and the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system. Learn about the different types of phagocytic cells, their recognition mechanisms, and how NK cells contribute to immune defense against infections and tumors. Test your knowledge on their functions and interactions within the immune response.

    More Like This

    Phagocytosis and the Immune System
    9 questions
    Phagocytosis and Vacuoles Quiz
    10 questions
    Phagocytosis Process: Cellular Defense
    55 questions
    5 Steps of Phagocytosis Flashcards
    6 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser