115 Questions
Which of the following statements about body fluid composition is correct?
The interstitial fluid is the most abundant component of the extracellular fluid (ECF)
What is the role of sodium-potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases) in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺?
They help maintain a higher concentration of K⁺ inside the cells and a higher concentration of Na⁺ outside the cells
What determines the water content in the human body?
Age, gender, and adipose tissue
In which body fluid is the most abundant cation Na⁺ found?
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
What is the most abundant anion in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Proteins
What makes up about 20% of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Blood plasma
What is the primary difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?
Blood plasma contains many protein anions, while interstitial fluid has very few proteins.
What is the main responsibility of plasma proteins in the body?
Establishment of colloid osmotic pressure.
What hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Testosterone.
Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?
In the red bone marrow.
Which type of committed stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
Myeloid stem cells.
What is the key function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
Transportation of gases and nutrients.
Which protein is specifically involved in the body's defense mechanism?
Globulins.
What is the average blood volume of adults as a percentage of body weight?
~7%.
What happens to the hematocrit in a pregnant woman due to the expansion of plasma volume?
It decreases.
What is responsible for pulling fluid into capillaries during blood circulation?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Which cells produce plasma proteins except for antibodies?
White blood cells
What is the main function of the erythrocytes described in the text?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which structural feature enables red blood cells to deform and squeeze through capillaries?
Flexible membrane
What is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in red blood cells?
Carbonic anhydrase
What happens to the red blood cells when they become fragile?
They rupture during circulation
How does the body remove the breakdown product urobilin from the body?
In urine
What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
~120 days
What is the role of macrophages in the breakdown of red blood cells?
Removing ruptured red blood cells from circulation and destroying them
What does the HbA1C test measure?
Average blood glucose level
Which feature differentiates hemoglobin A from other types of hemoglobin?
Combination of two alpha chains and two beta chains
What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?
Continue to form minute quantities of hemoglobin until they become mature erythrocytes
What is the primary role of the sodium–potassium pumps (Na+–K+ ATPases) mentioned in the text?
To maintain high intracellular concentration of Na+ and high extracellular concentration of K+
Which type of body fluid consists of about 80% interstitial fluid and 20% blood plasma?
Extracellular fluid
What is the average total body water in a 70-kg adult man, according to the information provided?
40 L
In which body fluid is the most abundant cation Na⁺ found?
Interstitial fluid
What determines the water content in the human body, according to the information presented?
Age, gender, and amount of adipose tissue
What is the most abundant anion in intracellular fluid (ICF), as per the information provided?
Proteins
What is the primary difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?
Blood plasma contains more protein anions than interstitial fluid.
What is the key function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
Transportation of gases, nutrients, and hormones
Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin that in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Testosterone
What determines the water content in the human body?
Hormonal regulation
What happens to the red blood cells when they become fragile?
They are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.
Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?
Red bone marrow
What is responsible for pulling fluid into capillaries during blood circulation?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
What is the role of sodium-potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases) in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺?
Control cell volume and prevent excessive swelling
What does the HbA1C test measure?
% of glucose bound to hemoglobin
What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?
Their nuclei are ejected, forming mature red blood cells.
What is specifically involved in the body's defense mechanism?
Antibodies/ immunoglobulins
What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in red blood cells?
Carbonic anhydrase
What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
120 days
What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?
They continue to form hemoglobin until mature
What determines the water content in the human body?
Extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration
What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?
Hydrostatic pressure
What makes up about 20% of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Proteins
Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?
Red bone marrow
Which type of committed stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:
Transporting CO2 from tissues to lungs for excretion
What hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Kidney-derived erythropoietin
What happens to the hematocrit in a pregnant woman due to the expansion of plasma volume?
Decreases
In extracellular fluid, the most abundant cation is K+.
False
The total body water in an average 70-kg adult man is about 60% of the body weight.
True
The most abundant anion in intracellular fluid (ICF) is proteins.
True
By actively transporting Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells, sodium–potassium pumps play a minor role in maintaining the high intracellular concentration of K+ and high extracellular concentration of Na+.
False
About 80% of the extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of blood plasma.
False
Water content in the human body does not depend on age, gender, or the amount of adipose tissue present in the body.
False
Blood plasma contains many protein anions, unlike interstitial fluid.
True
The normal capillary membranes are highly permeable to proteins.
False
The blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely determined by the protein concentration in interstitial fluid.
False
The average blood volume of adults is about 5 liters, which is approximately 10% of body weight.
False
Red bone marrow is the primary site of hemopoiesis only in early fetal life.
False
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are only found in the liver and spleen of a fetus.
False
Red blood cells contain a nucleus and other organelles.
False
Erythrocytes help with CO2 transport by converting it to O2.
False
The biconcave shape of red blood cells reduces their surface area for diffusion of O2.
False
Hematocrit measures the fraction of blood composed of white blood cells.
False
Plasma proteins are synthesized by lymphocytes and not by the liver.
False
Capillary membranes are permeable to many plasma proteins, allowing them to easily leak into interstitial fluid.
False
Red blood cells can travel through the narrow, tortuous capillaries without rupturing because of their rigidity.
False
Hemoglobin in the red blood cells is responsible for most of the acid-base buffering power of whole blood.
True
Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-.
True
The most common form of hemoglobin in the adult human, hemoglobin A, is a combination of two alpha chains and two delta chains.
False
Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream after forming minute quantities of hemoglobin for another day or so.
True
Red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 240 days.
False
The HbA1C test measures the average blood glucose level over the past month.
True
Iron ion can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule.
True
The breakdown product urobilin is removed from the body by secretion through the liver into the bile.
True
Reticulocyte count decreases in normocytic anemia.
False
Erythropoiesis starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast, which then develops into mature RBC within 1-2 weeks.
False
The thinness of the cell enables O2 to diffuse slowly between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell.
False
What is the approximate total body water in an average 70-kg adult man?
60%
What makes up about 20% of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Blood plasma
Which enzyme plays a major role in maintaining the high intracellular concentration of K+ and high extracellular concentration of Na+?
Sodium–potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases)
What determines the water content in the human body?
Age
Which type of committed stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
Myeloid stem cells
'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase-induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:
Acid-base balance
What is the primary role of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is responsible for pulling fluid into capillaries during blood circulation?
Red blood cells
In which body fluid is the most abundant cation Na⁺ found?
Interstitial fluid
What hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
What does the HbA1C test measure?
Average blood glucose level over the past month
Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?
Red bone marrow
'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:
CO2 transport
'The breakdown product urobilin is removed from the body by secretion through the liver into the bile.' indicates that urobilin is eventually removed from the body through:
Feces
'The biconcave shape of red blood cells reduces their surface area for diffusion of O2.' This statement is:
False
What determines the water content in the human body?
Age, gender, and adipose tissue content
What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?
They continue to form minute quantities of hemoglobin for another day or so.
What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the body?
Establishing colloid osmotic pressure and buffering changes in pH
What is the main responsibility of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the body?
Transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products
What is the most abundant cation found in blood plasma?
Sodium (Na⁺)
Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin that in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Testosterone
What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in red blood cells?
Carbonic anhydrase
Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?
Red bone marrow
What is the role of sodium-potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases) in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺?
Maintaining osmotic balance and electrical neutrality of cells
What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:
'Carriage and release of CO2'
This quiz covers the topic of body fluids and hematology in human physiology, discussing intracellular and extracellular fluids as well as their percentages in the body. It also delves into reference books like Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Human Physiology: From Cells To Systems, and Principles Of Human Anatomy & Physiology.
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