BLOOD 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about body fluid composition is correct?

  • The extracellular fluid (ECF) makes up about 60% of total body fluid
  • The interstitial fluid is the most abundant component of the extracellular fluid (ECF) (correct)
  • The intracellular fluid (ICF) makes up about 80% of total body fluid
  • The total body water in an average 70-kg adult man is about 50% of the body weight

    • What is the role of sodium-potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases) in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺?

  • They help maintain a higher concentration of Na⁺ inside the cells and a higher concentration of K⁺ outside the cells
  • They have no role in maintaining the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺
  • They help maintain a higher concentration of K⁺ inside the cells and a higher concentration of Na⁺ outside the cells (correct)
  • They maintain equal concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ inside and outside the cells

    • What determines the water content in the human body?

  • Body weight only
  • Age, gender, and adipose tissue (correct)
  • Age and gender only
  • Adipose tissue only

    • In which body fluid is the most abundant cation Na⁺ found?

    <p>Extracellular fluid (ECF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant anion in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up about 20% of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

    <p>Blood plasma contains many protein anions, while interstitial fluid has very few proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of plasma proteins in the body?

    <p>Establishment of colloid osmotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?

    <p>In the red bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of committed stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

    <p>Myeloid stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

    <p>Transportation of gases and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is specifically involved in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>Globulins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average blood volume of adults as a percentage of body weight?

    <p>~7%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hematocrit in a pregnant woman due to the expansion of plasma volume?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pulling fluid into capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Blood colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Blood hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce plasma proteins except for antibodies?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the erythrocytes described in the text?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature enables red blood cells to deform and squeeze through capillaries?

    <p>Flexible membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in red blood cells?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the red blood cells when they become fragile?

    <p>They rupture during circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body remove the breakdown product urobilin from the body?

    <p>In urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

    <p>~120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the breakdown of red blood cells?

    <p>Removing ruptured red blood cells from circulation and destroying them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the HbA1C test measure?

    <p>Average blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates hemoglobin A from other types of hemoglobin?

    <p>Combination of two alpha chains and two beta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?

    <p>Continue to form minute quantities of hemoglobin until they become mature erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sodium–potassium pumps (Na+–K+ ATPases) mentioned in the text?

    <p>To maintain high intracellular concentration of Na+ and high extracellular concentration of K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of body fluid consists of about 80% interstitial fluid and 20% blood plasma?

    <p>Extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average total body water in a 70-kg adult man, according to the information provided?

    <p>40 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which body fluid is the most abundant cation Na⁺ found?

    <p>Interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the water content in the human body, according to the information presented?

    <p>Age, gender, and amount of adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant anion in intracellular fluid (ICF), as per the information provided?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

    <p>Blood plasma contains more protein anions than interstitial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

    <p>Transportation of gases, nutrients, and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin that in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the water content in the human body?

    <p>Hormonal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the red blood cells when they become fragile?

    <p>They are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pulling fluid into capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Blood colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sodium-potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases) in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺?

    <p>Control cell volume and prevent excessive swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the HbA1C test measure?

    <p>% of glucose bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?

    <p>Their nuclei are ejected, forming mature red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specifically involved in the body's defense mechanism?

    <p>Antibodies/ immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Blood hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in red blood cells?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?

    <p>They continue to form hemoglobin until mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the water content in the human body?

    <p>Extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up about 20% of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of committed stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

    <p>Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:

    <p>Transporting CO2 from tissues to lungs for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Kidney-derived erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hematocrit in a pregnant woman due to the expansion of plasma volume?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In extracellular fluid, the most abundant cation is K+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total body water in an average 70-kg adult man is about 60% of the body weight.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most abundant anion in intracellular fluid (ICF) is proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By actively transporting Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells, sodium–potassium pumps play a minor role in maintaining the high intracellular concentration of K+ and high extracellular concentration of Na+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About 80% of the extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of blood plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water content in the human body does not depend on age, gender, or the amount of adipose tissue present in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood plasma contains many protein anions, unlike interstitial fluid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal capillary membranes are highly permeable to proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely determined by the protein concentration in interstitial fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average blood volume of adults is about 5 liters, which is approximately 10% of body weight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red bone marrow is the primary site of hemopoiesis only in early fetal life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are only found in the liver and spleen of a fetus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red blood cells contain a nucleus and other organelles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes help with CO2 transport by converting it to O2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biconcave shape of red blood cells reduces their surface area for diffusion of O2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematocrit measures the fraction of blood composed of white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma proteins are synthesized by lymphocytes and not by the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillary membranes are permeable to many plasma proteins, allowing them to easily leak into interstitial fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red blood cells can travel through the narrow, tortuous capillaries without rupturing because of their rigidity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin in the red blood cells is responsible for most of the acid-base buffering power of whole blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common form of hemoglobin in the adult human, hemoglobin A, is a combination of two alpha chains and two delta chains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream after forming minute quantities of hemoglobin for another day or so.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 240 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The HbA1C test measures the average blood glucose level over the past month.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron ion can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The breakdown product urobilin is removed from the body by secretion through the liver into the bile.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reticulocyte count decreases in normocytic anemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoiesis starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast, which then develops into mature RBC within 1-2 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thinness of the cell enables O2 to diffuse slowly between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total body water in an average 70-kg adult man?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up about 20% of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme plays a major role in maintaining the high intracellular concentration of K+ and high extracellular concentration of Na+?

    <p>Sodium–potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the water content in the human body?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of committed stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

    <p>Myeloid stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase-induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:

    <p>Acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

    <p>Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pulling fluid into capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which body fluid is the most abundant cation Na⁺ found?

    <p>Interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the HbA1C test measure?

    <p>Average blood glucose level over the past month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:

    <p>CO2 transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The breakdown product urobilin is removed from the body by secretion through the liver into the bile.' indicates that urobilin is eventually removed from the body through:

    <p>Feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The biconcave shape of red blood cells reduces their surface area for diffusion of O2.' This statement is:

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the water content in the human body?

    <p>Age, gender, and adipose tissue content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to reticulocytes as they leave the bone marrow and pass into the bloodstream?

    <p>They continue to form minute quantities of hemoglobin for another day or so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the body?

    <p>Establishing colloid osmotic pressure and buffering changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the body?

    <p>Transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant cation found in blood plasma?

    <p>Sodium (Na⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin that in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in red blood cells?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occur after birth and throughout life?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sodium-potassium pumps (Na⁺–K⁺ ATPases) in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic balance and electrical neutrality of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for pushing fluid out of capillaries during blood circulation?

    <p>Blood hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Erythrocytes contribute to CO2 transport in two ways—by means of its carriage on hemoglobin and its carbonic anhydrase–induced conversion to HCO3-' indicates that erythrocytes help in:

    <p>'Carriage and release of CO2'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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