Human Physiology: Body Fluids and Digestion

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Questions and Answers

What is the plasma level of sodium in mmol/L?

6 ± 140 (correct)

110

Which ion is found at the highest level in red blood cells?

Calcium

Sodium

Potassium (correct)

Chloride

Which process starts with the hydrolysis of water in parietal cells?

Hydrogen ion transport

Bicarbonate production

Sodium absorption

Acid secretion (correct)

What is the chloride level in plasma according to the data?

6 ± 100 mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is mentioned in the context of gastric acid production?

H/K ATPase Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body weight is made up by water in body fluids?

45-75% Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of water in body fluids?

Water is essential for temperature regulation and transport of substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of water in body fluids?

Providing energy for muscular contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical composition range of water in body fluids expressed as a percentage?

45-75% Signup and view all the answers

How would the total body weight percentage of water differ in individuals?

It varies due to factors like age, gender, and body composition. Signup and view all the answers

How many sodium ions (Na+) are transported out of the cell for each ATP molecule hydrolyzed?

3 Na+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of sodium ions removed to potassium ions (K+) brought into the cell by the pump?

3 Na+ : 2 K+ Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily drives the transfer of Na+ and K+ across the membrane?

ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

In terms of ion movement, what does the Na+/K+ pump predominantly achieve?

Net loss of positive charge from the cell Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ATP hydrolysis have on the concentration of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the cell?

Decreases Na+ inside and increases K+ inside the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT involved in the regulation of blood calcium?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone in blood calcium regulation?

Increase calcium release from bones Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone works to reduce blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

What effect does calcitriol have on blood calcium levels?

It increases blood calcium by enhancing absorption in the intestines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is considered a peptide hormone involved in blood calcium regulation?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of pseudohypoparathyroidism?

Deficient receptors for parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

In pseudohypoparathyroidism, which laboratory finding is commonly observed?

High serum parathyroid hormone levels Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inhibited activation of vitamin D?

Pseudohypoparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What overall effect does pseudohypoparathyroidism have on serum phosphorus levels?

Increased serum phosphorus levels Signup and view all the answers

Why does serum parathyroid hormone level remain high in pseudohypoparathyroidism?

Due to lack of negative feedback from vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Fluid Composition

Water is the main component of body fluids, ranging from 45-75% of total body weight
Plasma and Red Blood Cells have different concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium

Gastric Acid Production

Production of gastric HCl by parietal cells involves hydrolysis of water into H+ and OH-
ATP powers the transfer of sodium and potassium across the membrane via the H/K ATPase pump
The pump moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell for every ATP molecule hydrolyzed

Important Features of the Pump

The H/K ATPase pump plays a crucial role in maintaining a low pH in the stomach, essential for digestion

Factors Affecting Blood Calcium

Four main hormones regulate blood calcium:
- Parathyroid hormone
- Calcitriol
- Calcitonin
- Katacalcin
Low blood calcium levels can lead to hypocalcemia, which can be caused by various factors, including:
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Kidney disease
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism

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Description

This quiz covers the composition of body fluids, the production of gastric acid, and the function of the H/K ATPase pump in digestion. Additionally, it explores the factors affecting blood calcium levels and the hormones involved in calcium regulation. Test your knowledge on these essential physiological processes.